ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Potential Evaluation and Optimization of Natural Biopolymers in Water-Based Drilling Mud
Drilling cost optimization has always been an important issue in the petroleum industry. In order to save costs and create new markets for local materials, Ofo (D. micocarpum) and food gum (C. populnea) powders were evaluated in this study at high temperature as alternative to imported chemical additives in water based drilling fluid. The base mud composed of alkali beneficiated local clay, achi (B. eurycoma), corn and cocoanut fibers whose viscosity, yield point and gel strength fell short the recommended API standard from preliminary analysis. The two factors were combined using experimental design technique and mud properties optimized numerically using desirability function. At optimum conditions, the mud’s properties obtained include: Plastic viscosity, PV (18.4 ± 0.63 cp), Yield point, Yp (15.7 ± 0.9 lbf/100ft2), Fluid loss, FL (12.1 ± 0.37 ml) and 10 min Gel strength (5.6 ± 0.05 lbf/100ft2). These values are in good agreement with the API recommended standard. Both biopolymers exhibited high potential at low and moderate temperatures. However, food gum is thermally stable, a good rheology stabilizer and filtrate reducer up to the test temperature of 185 oF. The presence and nature of salts in solution influences differently the viscosity of the two bio-polymers.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_66099_60d1b475752b662d29c346dcc8741407.pdf
2018-06-01
1
12
10.22059/jchpe.2018.233480.1197
API filtrate loss
Biopolymer
Experimental design
Gel strength
Optimization
Rheology
Akeem Olatunde
Arinkoola
moranroolaakeem@yahoo.com
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
LEAD_AUTHOR
Salawudeen
Taofeeq Olakelan
tosalawudeen@lautech.edu.ng
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
AUTHOR
Salam
Kolapo
kksalam@lautech.edu.ng
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
AUTHOR
Jimoh
Monsurat Omoloa
mojimoh44@pgschool.lautech.edu.ng
4
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
AUTHOR
Azeez
Olatunji Gafar
goazeez@tops.edu.ng
5
Scince Laboratory Technology, The Oke-Ogun Polytechnics, Saki, Nigeria
AUTHOR
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[17] Olatunde, A. O., Usman, M. A., Olafadehan, O. A., Adeosun, T. A. and Ufot, O. E. (2012). "Improvement of rheological properties of drilling fluid using locally based materials. Petroleum & Coal, Vol. 54, No. 1.
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[19] Chen, F. (2007). "Study of factors affecting property of Welan gum solution." Food Science. Vol. 28, No. 9, pp. 49-52.
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[20] Gao, C. (2015). "Potential of Welan gum as fluid thickener." Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp.109– 112.
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[21] Kevin, I. and Bala, Z. (2014). "Evaluation of rheological properties of Detarium micocarpum, Brachystegea eurycoma using Herschel-Buckley model and their commercial availability." Journal of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 24-31.
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38
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Preparation of Pt/Al2O3-Cl Catalyst and Investigation of Operating Variables Effects on Isomerization Reaction
A high chlorinated alumina catalyst obtained by treating Pt/γ-Al2O3 (0.25 wt. % Pt) samples with two mixtures of CCl4/N2 and CCl4/N2/H2 was tested for the hydroisomerization of C6 alkane. The conversion of n-hexane feed was diluted with hydrogen performed with different H2/HC ratios at various temperatures, liquid hourly space velocities (LHSVs) and 3MPa total pressure. The catalyst introduced in the reactor displayed a fairly high initial activity, but conversion slowly declined with time on stream. Adding CCl4 to the hexane feed could not improve the stability with time on stream. The effects of temperature on conversion and isomer selectivity were studied at various H2/HC ratios and LHSVs. Superior conversion and selectivity were found for the catalyst at 160 ˚C and 120 ˚C at LHSV 1.2 h-1. Furthermore, effects of LHSV and low temperature were studied on conversion and product octane number derived from hexane isomerization, respectively. The highest octane number was observed at the low space velocity (1.2 h-1).
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_66100_b4a370e0aec9af4badc206e1388803a4.pdf
2018-06-01
13
21
10.22059/jchpe.2018.233982.1198
Catalyst
Chlorinated alumina
Isomerization
Light naphtha
Normal hexane
Mansour
Jahangiri
mjahangiri@semnan.ac.ir
1
Faculty of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Eng., Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Fatollah
Salehirad
f.salehirad13@gmail.com
2
Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Shahram
Alijani
shahramalijani@yahoo.com
3
Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Chao, C., Lizhen, Q. and Xiaorong, C. (2009) . "Catalytic performance of Re/Ga2 O3 /WO3 /ZrO2 catalyst for n-hexane isomerization ." Chinese Journal of Catalysis , Vol. 30, No. 9, pp. 859 – 863.
1
[2] Valavarasu, G. and Sairam, B. (2013). "Light naphtha isomerization: A Review." Petroleum Science and Technology, Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 580- 595.
2
[3] Deak, V., Rosin, R. and Sullivan, D. (2008). "Tutorial: Light naphtha isomerization ." Research and Development, UOP LLC, 25 E. Algonquin Road, Des Plaines, IL 60017,
3
[4] Adzamic, Z., Adzamic, T., Muzic, M. and Sertic- Bionda, K. (2013). "Optimization of the n-hexane isomerization process using response surface methodology ." Chemical Engineering Research and Design , Vol. 91, No. 1, pp. 100 -105.
4
[5] Volkova, G.G. and Reshetnikov, S.I., Shkuratova, L.N., Budneva A.A., Paukshtis, E.A. (2007). " n-Hexane skeletal isomerization over sulfated zirconia catalysts with different Lewis acidity." Chemical Engineering Journal , Vol. 134, No. 1-3, pp. 106 – 110.
5
[6] Sandeep, K.S., Viswanadham, N. and Garg, M.O. (2013). "Cracking and isomerization functionalities of bi-metallic zeolites for naphtha value upgradation ." Fuel , Vol. 107, pp. 432 -438.
6
[7] Laila I. A., Abdel -Ghaffar A. A, Sameh M. A. and Ahmed K. A. (2001). "Hydroconversion of n-paraffins in light naphtha using Pt/Al2O3 catalysts promoted with noble metals and/or chlorine." Applied Catalysis A: General, Vol. 205, No. 1- 2, pp. 125 – 130.
7
[8] Busto, M., Dosso, L.A., Vera, C.R. and Grau, J. M. (2012). "Composite catalysts of Pt/SO4– ZrO2 and Pt/WO3 –ZrO2 for producing high octane isomerizate by isomerization-cracking of long paraffins." Fuel Processing Technology, Vol. 104, pp. 128–135.
8
[9] Ducourty, B., Szabo, G., Dath, J.P., Gilson, J.P. and Goupil, J.M., Cornet, D. (2004). "Pt/Al2O3 -Cl catalysts derived from ethylaluminumdichloride : Activity and stability in hydroisomerization of C6 alkane ." Applied Catalysis A: General , Vol . 269, No. 1, pp. 203 –214.
9
[10] Travers, C. (2001). "Isomerization of light paraffins " Chapter 6 in '' Conversion Processes '' .Petro leum Refining, Vol. 3 , Leprince, TECHNIP, France.
10
[11] Christian, W. (2005). "Kinetic studies on alkane hydroisomerization over bifunctional cata-lysts ." M.Sc. Thesis, Technische Universität München –Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie II.
11
[12] Juan, J. M., Fernando, P., Paula, S. and Jose, L.V. (2005). "Hydroisomerization of a refinery naphtha stream over agglomerated Pd zeolites ." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 44, No. 24, pp. 13 – 21.
12
[13] Salehirad, F., Sadighi, S. and Shahram, A. (2017). "Deactivation of Chlorinated Pt/Al2O isomerization catalyst using water containing feed ." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering. ” Vol. 15, No. 4, pp.1 -13.
13
[14] Roldán, R., Beale, A.M., Manuel Sánchez, M.S., Romero -Salguero, F.J., Sanchidrián, C.J., Gómez, J.P. and Sankar, G. (2008). "Effect of the impregnation order on the nature of metal particles of bi - functional Pt/Pd -supported zeolite Beta materials and on their catalytic activity for the hydroiso -merization of alkanes ." Journal of Catalysis, Vol. 254, No. 1, pp. 12 – 26.
14
[15] Farid, A. (2010). "Synthesis and Character ization of catalyst Containing Molybdenum and Tungsten and their application in paraffin isomerization ." International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 668- 676.
15
[16] Ahari, J.S., Khorsand, K., Hosseini, A.A. and Farshi, A. (2006). "Experimental study of C5/C6 isomerization in light straight run gasoline (LSRG) over platinum mordenite zeolite. " Petrol. Coal, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 42– 50.
16
[17] Vijay, S. and Wolf, E.E., "A highly active and stable platinum -modified sulfated zirconia Applied Catalysis A: General, Vol. 264, No. 1, pp. 125 – 130.
17
[18] Eswaramoorthi, I. and Lingappan, N. (2003). "Nickel Impregnated Pt/H-b and Pt/H -Mordenite Catalysts for Hydroisomerization of n-Hexane ." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 207- 216.
18
[19] Eswaramoorthi, I. and Lingappan, N. (2003). "Ni – Pt/H -Y zeolite catalysts for hydroisomeriza-tion of n-hexane and n-heptane ." Catalysis Letters, Vol. 87, No. 3, pp. 133- 142.
19
[20] Yuandong, X., (2009). "Promotion effect of lanthanum addition on the catalytic activity of zirconia supported platinum and tungstophosphoric acid catalyst for n-pentane isomerization." Applied Surface Science, Vol. 255, No. 13, pp. 6504 – 6507.
20
[21] Shahram Alijani, Fatollah Salehirad, Mansour Jahangiri (2013 ). "Synthesis and evaluation of new race of isomerization catalysts. " 1st National Industrial Catalyst Conference, 20th & 21th Feb. Shiraz University.
21
[22] Lyod L. (2011). Handbook of Industrial Catalysts. Springer Science and Business Media LLC., New York.
22
[23] Khurshid, M., Al-Daous, M. A., Hattori, H. and Al- Khattaf, S. S. (2009). "Effects of hydrogen on heptane isomerization over zirconium oxide modified with tungsten oxide and platinum ." Applied Catalysis A: General, Vol. 362, No. 1, pp. 75-81.
23
[24] Weyda H. and Köhler E. (2003). "Modern refining concepts an update on naphtha isomerization to modern gasoline manufacture." Catal. Today, Vol. 81, No. 1, pp. 51 – 55.
24
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25
[26] Ali, L.I., Ali, A.G.A., Aboul -Fotouh, S.M. and Aboul -Gheit, A.K. (2001)."Hydro-conversion of n-paraffins in light naphtha using Pt/Al 2O3 catalysts promoted with noble metals and/or chlorine ." Applied Catalysis A: General, Vol. 205, No. 1, pp. 129 – 146.
26
[27] Blomsma, E., Martens, J.A. and Jacobs P.A. (1997). "Isomerization and hydrocracking of hep- tane over bimetallic bifunctional PtPd/H-Beta and PtPd/USY zeolite catalysts." Journal of Catalysis, Vol. 165, No. 2, pp. 241- 248.
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Deasphalting of Olefin Pyrolysis Fuel Oil by Combination of Chemical–Physical Methods
This work investigates the effect of different conditions of PFO thermal cracking from two PFO samples on liquid, solid and gas product yield and asphaltene removal efficiency in a new designed experimental setup. No need to use a catalyst, simple operating system and experiment conditions, the ability to use water as a cheap carrier gas and high asphaltene extraction efficiency without the use of solvents are outstanding benefits of this method to upgrade PFO. The yields of the liquid, solid and gas products were compared in various operating conditions and the optimum experimental conditions were obtained. The results revealed the best thermal cracking condition of PFO in terms of liquid yield and asphaltene removal in this setup for samples. The optimum conditions were 390 and 380 °C for reactor temperature of PFO-1 and PFO-2, respectively; 150 °C for temperature of carrier gas and 100 ml/min for carrier gas flow rate. In these circumstances about 70 and 53 wt% of the liquid product, 25 wt% of the solid products, and 5 wt% of the gas product are generated while the asphaltene separation was reached about 95 and 96.5%.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_66101_2345efdce960567d5fa027fad45b8a28.pdf
2018-06-01
23
33
10.22059/jchpe.2018.239677.1207
asphaltene
Naphthalene
Product yield
Pyrolysis fuel oil (PFO)
Thermal cracking
Elham sadat
Moosavi
moosaviel@gmail.com
1
Chemical Engineering Department, Buein Zahra Technical University, Buein Zahra, Iran
AUTHOR
Mahtab
Gharibi
m.gharibi@npc-rt.ir
2
National Petrochemical Company, Petrochemical Research and Technology Company -P.O. Box 1435884711, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ramin
Karimzadeh
ramin@modares.ac.ir
3
Chemical Engineering Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14155-4838, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Behnaz
Asbaghi
be.asbaghi@yahoo.com
4
National Petrochemical Company, Petrochemical Research and Technology Company -P.O. Box 1435884711, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Soulmaz
Sayedshahabi
soulmaz.shahabi@yahoo.com
5
National Petrochemical Company, Petrochemical Research and Technology Company -P.O. Box 1435884711, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Sina
Alizad
ceena.aaleezad@gmail.com
6
Chemical Engineering Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14155-4838, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Majid
Zare
majid_n.zare@yahoo.com
7
Chemical Engineering Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14155-4838, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
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[13] Taylor, S.E. (1992). "Use of Surface -Tension Measurements to Evaluate Aggregation of Asphaltenes in Organic-Solvents. " Fuel , Vol. 71, pp. 1338 -1339.
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22
[23] Kashirski, V.G. and Petelina, V.S. (2001). "Thermal decomposition of the Kenderlyk Oil shale under conditions of high -speed heating. " Oil Shale, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 85-91.
23
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Integrated Well Placement and Completion Optimization using Heuristic Algorithms: A Case Study of an Iranian Carbonate Formation
Determination of optimum location for drilling a new well not only requires engineering judgments but also consumes excessive computational time. Additionally, availability of many physical constraints such as the well length, trajectory, and completion type and the numerous affecting parameters including, well type, well numbers, well-control variables prompt that the optimization approaches become imperative;. The aim of this study is to figure out optimum well location and the best completion condition using coupled simulation optimization on an Iranian oil field located in southwest of Iran. The well placement scenarios are considered in two successive time intervals during of the field life, i.e., exploration and infill drilling phase. In the former scenario, the well-placement optimization is considered to locate the drilling site of a wildcat well, while the later scenario includes the optimum drilling location of a well is determined after 10-years primary production of nine production wells. In each scenario, two stochastic optimization algorithms namely particle swarm optimization, and artificial bee colony will be applied to evaluate the considered objective function. The net present value to drill production wells through the field life is considered as an objective function during our simulation-optimization approach. Our results show that the outcome of two population-based algorithms (i.e., particle swarm optimization and artificial bee colony) is marginally different from each other. The net present value of the infill drilling phase attains higher value using artificial bee colony algorithm.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_66102_98b06acf29dff6ab35308dbda7274174.pdf
2018-06-01
35
47
10.22059/jchpe.2018.245405.1211
Artificial bee colony
Coupled simulation-optimization
Infill drilling, Net present value, Particle swarm optimization
Well placement
Reza
Khoshneshin
reza.khoshneshin@modares.ac.ir
1
Department of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Saeid
Sadeghnejad
sadeghnejad@modares.ac.ir
2
Department of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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[20] Nozohour-leilabady, B. and Fazelabdolabadi, B. (2016). "On the application of artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm for optimization of well placements in fractured reservoirs; efficiency comparison with the particle swarm optimization (PSO) methodology." Petroleum. Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 79-89.
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[21] Rodrigues, H. W. L, Prata, B. A., and Bonates, T. O. (2016). "Integrated optimization model for location and sizing of offshore platforms and location of oil wells." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. Vol. 145, pp. 734 -741.
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[22] Arnold, D., Demyanov, V., Christie, M., Bakay, A., and Gopa, K. (2016). "Optimisation of decision making under uncertainty throughout field lifetime: A fractured reservoir example." Compu ters & Geosciences. Vol. 95, pp. 123-139.
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[23] Wang, X., Haynes, R. D., and Feng, Q. (2016). "A multilevel coordinate search algorithm for well placement, control and joint optimizationz." Computers & Chemical Engineering. Vol. 95, pp. 75-96.
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[24] Shirangi, M.G., Volkov, O., and Durlofsky, L.J. (2017). "Joint Optimization of Economic Project Life and Well Controls. " in SPE Reservoir Simulation Conference Society of Petroleum Engineers.
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[26] Ramirez, B., Joosten, G., Kaleta, M., and Gelderblom, P. (2017). "Model-Based Well Location Optimization A Robust Approach." in SPE Reservoir Simulation Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
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[27] Thimmisetty, C., Tsilifis, P., and Ghanem, R. (2017). "Homogeneous chaos basis adaptation for design optimization under uncertainty: Application to the oil well placement problem." AI EDAM. Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 265 - 276.
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[28] Montazeri, M. and Sadeghnejad, S. (2017). "An Investigation of Optimum Miscible Gas Flooding Scenario: A Case Study of an Iranian Carbonates Formation." Iranian Journal of Oil & Gas Science and Technology. Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 41 -54.
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[29] Javaheri, P. and Sadeghnejad, S. (2017). "Effect of Injection Pattern Arrangements on Formation Connectivity During Water Flooding." in SPE Europec featured at 79th EAGE Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
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[30] Sadeghnejad, S. and Masihi, M. (2017). "Analysis of a more realistic well representation during secondary recovery in 3-D continuum models. " Computational Geosciences. Vol. 21 , No. 5, pp. 1035-1048.
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[31] Zhang, Y., Lu, R., Forouzanfar, F. and Reynolds, A.C. (2017). "Well placement and control opti-mization for WAG/SAG processes using ensemblebased method." Computers & Chemical Engineer-ing. Vol. 101 , pp. 193 – 209 .
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[32] Ghanem, R., Soize, C. and Thimmisetty, C. (2018). "Optimal well - placement using probabili -stic learning. " Data - Enabled Discovery and Appli - cations. Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 4 - 20.
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[33] Nwachukwu, A., Jeong, H., Pyrcz, M. and Lake, L.W. (2018 ). "Fast evaluation of well placements in heterogeneous reservoir models using machine learning. " Journal of Petroleum Science and Engin-eering. Vol. 163, pp. 463 – 475 .
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[34] Rahmanifard, H. and Plaksina, T. (2018). "Application of fast analytical approach and AI optimization techniques to hydraulic fracture stage placement in shale gas reserve oirs. " Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering. Vol. 52, pp. 367-378.
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56
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluating the Effect of Thermal Activation on Separation Process of Insoluble Fraction of Gasoline using Red Mud
Contamination of water resources with petroleum products is a serious environmental problem. The current study was carried out to investigate the effect of using raw and heat activated red mud (RM) as adsorbent to remove insoluble fraction of gasoline from aqueous solution. Some parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dose and initial concentration were optimized in adsorption process to obtain the highest removal efficiency. Maximum removal of gasoline by raw and heat activated red mud at pH 8 and 7 were 90% and 92% respectively, during the contact time of 30 minutes, adsorbent dose of 50 g/L and 1% initial concentration of gasoline were the same for both adsorbents. Study of isotherm for raw and heat activated red mud showed high consistency with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, respectively. The kinetics of adsorption process was described by a pseudo-second-order model for both adsorbents. Experimental adsorption capacity of raw and heat activated red mud was achieved 0.7 and 0.66, respectively. According to the results, the adsorbents used in this study, have an appropriate efficiency for removal of the insoluble fraction of gasoline from aqueous solution.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_66103_b5ce56d6ce8d5ff8ea62209cc7a5d68a.pdf
2018-06-01
49
57
10.22059/jchpe.2018.248029.1215
Adsorption
aqueous solution
Gasoline
Heat activation
kinetics
red mud
Hajar
Ghasemian Gorji
hajar.ghasemian@gmail.com
1
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
AUTHOR
Behnaz
Dahrazma
behnaz_dahrazma@shahroodut.ac.ir
2
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Mortensen, J., Huang, Y., Viola, D., Belinda, J., Rmbo, X. and Tony, S. (2005). "Rice husks and oil pollution. Basic Studies in the Natural Sciences ." RUC, Roskilde University.
1
[2] Wardley –Smith, J. (1983). The Control of Oil Pollution. Revised ed. Graham and Trotman Publication, London.
2
[3] Mulligan, C.N. (2005). "Environmental applications for biosurfactants." Environmental Pollution, Vol. 133, No. 2, pp. 183-198.
3
[4] Alimahmoodi, M. and Mulligan, C.N. (2011). "Optimization of the anaerobic treatment of a waste stream from an enhanced oil recovery. " process. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 102, No. 2, pp. 690-696.
4
[5] Brandao, P.C., Souza, T.C., Ferreira, C.A., Hori, C.E. and Romanielo, L.L. (2010). "Removal Of petroleum hydrocarbons from aqueous solution using sugarcane bagasse as adsorbent." Journal of Hazard Materials, Vol. 175 , No. 1, pp. 1106-1112.
5
[6] Kenes, K., Yerdos, O., Zulkhair, M. and Yerlan, D. (2012 ). "Study on the effectiveness of thermally treated rice husks for petroleum adsorption." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 358 , No. 22, pp. 2964 -2969.
6
[7] Okie, K., El -Sayed, M. and El-Kady, M. (2011 ). "Treatment of oil-water emulsions by adsorption onto activated carbon, bentonite and deposited carbon. " Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, Vol. 20 , No. 2, pp. 9-15.
7
[8] Wang, S., Ang, H.M. and Tadé, M.O. (2008). "Novel applications of red mud as coagulant, adsorbent and catalyst for environmentally benign processes." Chemosphere, Vol. 72, No. 11, pp. 1621-1635.
8
[9] Sahu, M.K., Mandal, S., Dash, S.S., Badhai, P. and Patel, R.K. (2013). "Removal of Pb (II) from aqueous solution by acid activated red mud." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 4 , pp. 1315-1324.
9
[10] Li, Y., Liu, Ch., Luan, Zh., Peng, X., Zhu, Ch., Chen, Zh., Zhang, Zh., Fan, J. and Jia, Zh. (2006). "Phosphate removal from aqueous solutions using raw and activated red mud and fly ash." Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 137, No. 1 , pp. 374-383.
10
[11] Zhao , Y., Yue , Q., Li , Q., Li, Q., Gao , B., Han, S. and Yu, H. (2012). "Influence of sintering temperature on orthophosphate and pyrophosphate removal behaviors of red mud granular adsorbents (RMGA) ." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physiochemical and Engineering Aspects, Vol. 394, pp. 1-7.
11
[12] Nadaroglu, H., Kalkan, E. and Demir, N. (2010). "Removal of copper from aqueous solution using red mud. " Desalination, Vol. 251 , No. 1 , pp. 90-95.
12
[13] Mostaedi, T.M., Asadollahzadeh, M., Hemmati, A. and Khosravi, A. (2013). "Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies for biosorption of cadmium and nickel on grapefruit peel." Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 295 -302.
13
[14] Yang, Ch., Wang, J., Lei, M., Xie, G., Zeng, G. and Luo, Sh. "Biosorption of Zinc (II) from aqueous solution by dried activated sludge." Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 22 , No. 5, pp. 675-680.
14
[15] Shafique, U., Jiaz, A., Salman, M., Zaman, W. U., Jamil, N., Rehman, R. and Javaid, A. (2012 ). "Removal of Arsenic from water using pine leaves." Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 256-263.
15
[16] Chakravarty, P., Sarma, N.S. and Sarma, H.P. (2010). "Biosorption of Cadmium (II) from aqueous solution using heartwood powder of Areca catechu. " Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 162, No. 3 , pp. 949-955.
16
[17] Gupta , S. and Babu , B.V.(2009). "Utilization of waste product (tamarind seeds) for the removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions: Equilibrium, kinetics, and regeneration studies." Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 90, No. 10, pp. 3013-3022.
17
[18] Anirudhan, T.S. and Ramachandran, M. (2014). "Removal of 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol from water and petroleum refinery industry effluents by surfactant -modified bentonite." Journal of Water Process Engineering, Vol. 1, pp. 46-53.
18
[19] Jimenez, M.M. D., Gonzalez, M.P.E. and Cid, A.A.P. (2005 ). "Adsorption interaction between natural adsorbents and textile dyes in aqueous solution. " Colloids and Surface A. Physiochemical and Engineering Aspects, Vol. 254 , No. 1, pp. 107-114.
19
[20] Ding , Y., Jing , D.,Gong , H., Zhou , L. and Yang , X. (2012). "Biosorption of aquatic cadmium (II) by unmodified rice straw ." Bioresource Technology, Vol. 114, pp. 20-25
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium for the Ternary Systems of Solvent+ m/o/p-Cresol+Water: Thermodynamic Modeling
In this study, NRTL and UNIQUAC thermodynamic models were used to predict the composition of ternary mixtures of solvents+ m/o/p-cresol+ water in organic and aqueous phases. Various solvents are used for the separation of cresols from water. In this study, methyl propyl ketone, methyl isopropyl ketone, methyl butyl ketone, and methyl isobutyl ketone solvents were investigated. Intermolecular interaction parameters were considered to be a function of temperature. The binary interaction parameters of water and cresols (m, o, or p) in the presence of each type of solvent were considered to be the same. Also, regardless of the type of cresol (m, o, or p), the parameters of binary interaction between water and each solvents were considered to be the same. The results proved the accuracy of the presented models, though the parameters of binary interaction parameters were considered to be the same. The root mean square deviation for NRTL and UNIQUAC models was 0.0086 and 0.0089, respectively.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_66104_13e821e62388d620a779b052180e4dd8.pdf
2018-06-01
59
67
10.22059/jchpe.2018.250103.1217
Cresol
NRTL
Organic solvent
Thermodynamic models
UNIQUAC
Majid
Mohadesi
m.mohadesi@kut.ac.ir
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Energy, Kermanshah University of Technology, Kermanshah, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ghazal
Pourghazi
ghazal.pourghazi@yahoo.com
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Energy, Kermanshah University of Technology, Kermanshah, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Chen, Y., Lv, R., Li, L. and Wang, F. (2017). “ Measurement and thermodynamic modeling of ternary (liquid+ liquid) equilibrium for extraction of o -cresol, m-cresol or p-cresol from aqueous solution with 2- pentanone. ” The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics , Vol. 104, pp. 230-238.
1
[2] Jiang, H., Fang, Y., Fu, Y. and Guo, Q. X. (2003). “ Studies on the extraction of phenol in wastewater. ” Journal of Hazardous Materials , Vol. 101 , No. 2, pp. 179-190.
2
[3] Luo, L., Liu, D., Li, L. and Chen, Y. (2016). “ Measurements and thermodynamic modeling of liquid – liquid equilibria in ternary system 2 – methoxy -2-methylpropane + p –cresol + water. ” Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 360-364.
3
[4] Luo, L., Li, L., Liu, D. and Chen, Y. (2015). “Ternary liquid–liquid equilibria for the system 2-methoxy -2-methylpropane+ m-cresol+ water at 298.15 and 313.15 K: experimental data and cor-relation.” Journal of Solution Chemistry, Vol. 44, No. 12, pp. 2393-2404.
4
[5] Jiao, T., Gong, M., Zhuang, X., Li, C. and Zhang, S. (2015). “ A new separation method for phenolic compounds from low-temperature coal tar with urea by complex formation. ” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 29, pp. 344-348.
5
[6] Chen, Y., Wang, Z. and Li, L. (2014). “ Liquid–liquid equilibria for ternary systems: methyl butyl ketone+ phenol+ water and methyl butyl ketone+ hydroquinone+ water at 298.15 K and 323.15 K.” Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, Vol. 59, No. 9, pp. 2750-2755.
6
[7] Jiazhen, Z., Wuhua, D., Jinquan, X. and Yiyan, Y. (2007). “ Experimental and simulation study on the extraction of p -cresol using centrifugal extractors.” Chinese Journal of Chemical Enginee ring, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 209-214.
7
[8] Veeresh, G. S., Kumar, P. and Mehrotra, I. (2005). “ Treatment of phenol and cresols in up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process: a review.” Water Research, Vol. 39 , No. 1, pp. 154 -170.
8
[9] Kavitha, V. and Palanivelu, K. (2005). “ Destruction of cresols by Fenton oxidation pro-cess. ” Water Research , Vol. 39, No. 13, pp. 3062-3072.
9
[10] Correia, P.F. and de Carvalho, J. M. (2005). “Salt Effects on the Recovery of Phenol by Liquid‐Liquid Extraction with Cyanex 923. ” Separation Science and Technology, Vol. 40, No. 16, pp. 3365-3380.
10
[11] Hashemi, S., Ghotbi, C., Taghikhani, V. and Behzadi, B. (2004). “ Application of quasi -chemical models to liquid – liquid equilibrium calculations for ternary systems containing water, propionic acid and organic solvents.” Fluid Phase Equilibria , Vol. 226, pp. 251-259.
11
[12] Lv, R., Wang, Z., Li, L. and Chen, Y. (2015). “ Liquid – liquid equilibria in the ternary systems water+ cresols+ methyl butyl ketone at 298.2 and 313.2 K: experimental data and correlation. ”Fluid Phase Equilibria, Vol. 404, pp. 89-95.
12
[13] Pinto, R.T.P., Lintomen, L., Luz Jr, L.F.L. and Wolf-Maciel, M.R. (2005). “Strategies for recovering phenol from wastewater: thermodynamic evaluation and environmental concerns.”Fluid Phase Equilibria, Vol. 228, pp. 447-457.
13
[14] Chen, Y., Wang, H., Lv, R. and Li, L. (2016). “ Liquid -liquid equilibria for methyl isobutyl ke-tone+ cresols+ water at 333.15 K, 343.15 K and 353.15 K: Experimental results and data correla-tion.” Fluid Phase Equilibria , Vol. 427, pp. 291-296
14
[15] Chen, Y., Lv, R., Wang, F. and Li, L. (2016). “ Determination and modeling of liquid -liquid equilibrium for ternary mixtures of methyl iso-propyl ketone, cresol isomers and water.” Fluid Phase Equilibria , Vol. 429, pp. 107-112.
15
[16] Luo, L., Liu, D., Li, L. and Chen, Y. (2015). “Experimental determination and correlation of liquid – liquid equilibria for theternary system 2 – methoxy -2-methylpropane + o –cresol + water at 298.15 K and 313.15 K.”Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, Vol. 60, No. 5, pp. 1396-1400.
16
[17] Chen, Y., Lv, R., Li, L. and Wang, F. (2017). “Measurement and thermodynamic modeling of ternary (liquid+ liquid) equilibrium for extraction of o-cresol, m-cresol or p-cresol from aqueous solution with 2 -pentanone.” The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, Vol. 104, pp. 230-238.
17
[18] Renon, H. and Prausnitz, J. M. (1968). “ Local compositions in thermodynamic excess functions for liquid mixtures.” AIChE Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 135-144.
18
[19] Abrams, D. S. and Prausnitz, J. M. (1975). “ Statistical thermodynamics of liquid mixtures: a new expression for the excess Gibbs energy of partly or completely miscible systems.” AIChE Journal , Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 116-12
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Semi-Analytical Method for History Matching and Improving Geological Models of Layered Reservoirs: CGM Analytical Method
History matching is used to constrain flow simulations and reduce uncertainty in forecasts. In this work, we revisited some fundamental engineering tools for predicting waterflooding behavior to better understand the flaws in our simulation and thus find some models which are more accurate with better matching. The Craig-Geffen-Morse (CGM) analytical method was used to predict recovery performance calculations and it was simple enough which can be applied in a spreadsheet. In this study, the analytical approach of history matching was applied to a layered reservoir from a shallow marine deposit which was composed of different facies includes lower shoreface facies (LSF), middle shoreface facies (MSF) and upper shoreface facies (USF). Truncated Gaussian Simulation (TGS) is often used to stochastically distribute the facies in the geological model around a deterministic mean representation. The actual distribution is often hard to determine. Starting with the deterministic element of the facies distributions, corrections were made by matching the CGM method predictions to historical data. These corrections were amalgamated in the model and produced a much better history match. Further, the modifications were used to condition the stochastic simulator to provide a geologically more robust model that also matched history. The results showed that the variation of the total field production rate (FPR) between the deterministic model and history data was reduced by about 19.8% (from 21.52% to 1.73%) after applying history match analytically.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_66105_a7c0f543ddc88b4cbc62f5ae462bdb5d.pdf
2018-06-01
69
80
10.22059/jchpe.2018.252190.1220
Craig-Geffen-Morse analytical method
History Matching
Improving geological models
Waterflood performance
Uncertainty reduction
Jagar
Ali
jagar.ali@soran.edu.iq
1
Department of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Soran University, Soran, Iraq
LEAD_AUTHOR
Karl
Stephen
k.d.stephen@hw.ac.uk
2
Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
AUTHOR
[1] Craig Jr, F., Geffen, T., Morse, R. and others. (1955). "Oil recovery performance of pattern gas or water injection operations from model tests." Transactions of the AIME, Vol. 204, No. 1, pp. 7-15.
1
[2] Craig, F. (1971). “The reservoir engineering aspects of waterflooding.” 1st ed., New York: Henry L, Doherty Memorial Fund of AIME.
2
[3] Buckley, S. and Leverett, M. (1942). "Mechanism of Fluid Displacement in Sands." Transactions of the AIME, Vol. 146, No. 01, pp. 107-116.
3
[4] Suder, F.E. and Calhoun, J.C., Jr. (1949). "Waterflood Calculations." Drilling and production practice, pp. 260-270.
4
[5] Stiles, W. E. (1949). "Use of Permeability Distribution in Water Flood Calculations." Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 9-13.
5
[6] Dykstra, H. and Parsons, R.L. (1950). "The Prediction of Oil Recovery by Waterflooding." Secondary recovery in the United States, Vol. 2, pp. 160-174.
6
[7] Welge, H. J. (1952). "A Simplified Method for Computing Oil Recovery by Gas or Water Drive." Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 91-98.
7
[8] Douglas, J., Jr., Blair, P.M., and Wagner, R.J. (1958). "Ca1cu1ation of Linear Waterf1ood Behavior Including the Effects of Capillary Pressure." Transactions of AIME, Vol. 213, pp. 96-102.
8
[9] Prats, M., Matthews, C.S., Jewett, R.L. and Baker, J.D. (1960). "Prediction of Injection Rate and Production History for Five-Spot Floods. " Transactions of AIME, Vol. 216, No. 2, pp. 98-105.
9
[10] Abernathy, B. F. (1964). "Waterflood Prediction Methods Compared to Pilot Performance in Carbonate Reservoirs." Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 276-282.
10
[11] Bush, J. L. and Helander, D. P. (1968). "Empirical Prediction of Recovery Rate in Waterflooding Depleted Sands." Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 20, No. 09, pp. 933-943.
11
[12] Wu, C. (1988). "Waterflood performance projection using classical waterflood models." SPE production technology symposium, Hobbs, New Mexico, 7-8 Nov., pp. 1-6.
12
[13] Kruger, W. (1961). "Determining areal permeability distribution by calculations. " Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 13, No. 7, pp. 69-696.
13
[14] Hutchinson Jr., C. A., Dodge, C. F. and Polasek, T.L. (1961). "Identification, Classification and Prediction of Reservoir Nonuniformities Affecting Production Operations. "Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 13, No. 3. pp. 223-230.
14
[15] Bennion, D. and Griffiths, J. (1966). "A stochastic model for predicting variations in reservoir rock properties." Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, Vo. 6, No. 1, pp. 9-16.
15
[16] Craig Jr, F. (1970). "Effect of reservoir description on performance predictions." Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 22, No. 10, pp. 1-239.
16
[17] Spivey, J. P., Frantz Jr, J. H. and Holditch, S.A. (1994). "History Matching Production Data Using Analytical Solutions for Linearly Varying Bottom-hole Pressure." Eastern Regional Conference and Exhibition, Charesion, WV, pp. 95-106.
17
[18] Saavedra, N., Peralta, R. and Cobb, W. (2003). "Distribution of Injected Water by Using CGM Method: A Case History in Palogrande-Cebu Field." SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, Trinidad, Port-of- Spain, 27-30 April, pp. 1-8.
18
[19] Lerma, M.K. (2003). "Analytical Method to Predict Waterflood Performance." Proceedings of SPE Western Regional/AAPG Pacific Section Joint Meeting.
19
[20] Gomez, V., Gomez, A. and Duran, J. (2009). "Analytical simulation of the injection/production system of the La Cira east and north areas using CGM method." SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, Cartagena, (SPE 121854), pp. 2-7.
20
[21] Tarek, A. (2001). Reservoir engineering handbook. 2nd ed., United States: Gulf Professional.
21
[22] Samandarli, O., Al-Ahmadi, H. and Wattenbarger, R. A. (2011). "A semi-analytical method for history matching fractured shale gas reservoirs." SPE Western North American Regional Meeting, Alaska, (SPE 144583), pp. 1-14.
22
[23] Olalotiti-Lawal, F. and Friedel T. (2015). "Efficient semi-analytical engine for performance prediction of unconventional reservoirs." SPE Eastern Regional Meeting, West Virginia, (SPE-177290-MS), pp. 1-23.
23
[24] Tostado, M., Popa, A., Cassidy, S. and Shepeherd, D. (2016). "An analytical approach for well production history matching in a heavy oil reservoir." SPE Western North American Regional Meeting, Alaska, (SPE-180371), pp. 1-11.
24
[25] Yong, L ., Baozhu, L., Benbiao, S., Weimin, Z., Qi, Z. and Xiong. L. (2017). "Reservoir Simulation History Matching and Waterflooding Performance Forecast for a Large Sandstone Reservoir in Middle East." SPE Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Annual Technical Symposium and Exhibition.
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Bioleaching and Kinetic Investigation of WPCBs by A. Ferrooxidans, A. Thiooxidans and their Mixtures
Bioleaching was used to mobilize Cu, Zn and Ni from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) and eliminate hazardous metal species from these wastes. Pulp density (PD) and medium culture are two effective factors which have been optimized in this paper. The bacteria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A. ferrooxidans) and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans (A. thiooxidans) and their mixture were grown and adapted in the presence of WPCBs and then used as bioleaching bacteria to solubilize metals from PCBs. The experimental results demonstrated that 15 g/L WPCB is the best solid concentration which can be tolerated by the bacteria. Comparing different inoculation ratios, Cu (86%), Zn (100%) and Ni (100%) were recovered after 25 days of bioleaching, which suggests that the rate of metal recovery is significantly influenced by PD. Kinetics of bioleaching reactions was investigated in this work and the shrinking core model (SCM) was used to describe the kinetics of the process of no pretreated WPCBs. A constrained multi-linear regression analysis using the least square technique was employed to determine the rate controlling mechanism in each operating condition. Based on the results, diffusion through solid product layer was the major controlling mechanism.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_66106_c1f22e307c0eb962f1fbddc764689b78.pdf
2018-06-01
81
91
10.22059/jchpe.2018.255842.1227
Bioleaching
Copper
Electronic scrap
kinetics
nickel
Zinc
Melika
Mostafavi
meli.mostafavi@gmail.com
1
School of Chemical Engineering, University of Tehran, Kish International Campus, Kish Island, Iran
AUTHOR
S. M. J.
Mirazimi
mj.mirazimi@gmail.com
2
Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6350 Stores Road, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
AUTHOR
Fereshteh
Rashchi
rashchi@ut.ac.ir
3
School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box 11155/4563
AUTHOR
F.
Faraji
farajifariborz@gmail.com
4
School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box 11155/4563
AUTHOR
Navid
Mostoufi
mostoufi@ut.ac.ir
5
School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box 11155/4563
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Alzate, A., López, M.E. and Serna, C. (2016). "Recovery of gold from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) using ammonium persulfate." Waste Management, Vol. 57, pp. 113–120.
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[2] Park, Y.J. and Fray, D.J. (2009). "Recovery of high purity precious metals from printed circuit boards." Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 164, No. 2, pp. 1152–1158.
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[3] Terazono, A., Murakami, S., Abe, N., Inanc, B., Moriguchi, Y., Sakai, S., Kojima, M., Yoshida, A., Li, J. and Yang, J. (2006). "Current status and esearch on E-waste issues in Asia." Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 1–12.
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[4] Akcil, A., Erust, C., Gahan, C.S., Ozgun, M., Sahin, M. and Tuncuk, A. (2015). "Precious metal recovery from waste printed circuit boards using cyanide and non-cyanide lixiviants–a review." Waste Management, Vol. 45, pp. 258–271.
4
[5] Zhang, L. and Xu, Z. (2016). "A review of current progress of recycling technologies for metals from waste electrical and electronic equipment." Journal of Cleaner Production Vol. 127, pp. 19–36.
5
[6] Wang, J., Bai, J., Xu, J. and Liang, B. (2009). "Bioleaching of metals from printed wire boards by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and their mixture." Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 172, No. 2, pp. 1100–1105.
6
[7] Ludwig, C., Hellweg, S. and Stucki, S. (2012). Municipal solid waste management: strategies and technologies for sustainable solutions. Springer Science & Business Media Pub., Berlin.
7
[8] Bas, A.D., Deveci, H. and Yazici, E.Y. (2013). "Bioleaching of copper from low grade scrap TV circuit boards using mesophilic bacteria." Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 138, pp. 65–70.
8
[9] Menad, N., Björkman, B. and Allain, E.G. (1998). "Combustion of plastics contained in
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electric and electronic scrap." Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 65–85.
10
[10] Tsydenova, O. and Bengtsson, M. (2011). "Chemical hazards associated with treatment of waste electrical and electronic equipment." Waste Management, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 45–58.
11
[11] Mecucci, A. and Scott, K. (2002). "Leaching and electrochemical recovery of copper, lead and tin from scrap printed circuit boards." Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Vol. 77, No. 4, pp. 449–457.
12
[12] Dreisinger, D. (2006). "Copper leaching from primary sulfides: Options for biological and chemical extraction of copper." Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 83, No. 1, pp. 10–20.
13
[13] Zhou, H.B., Zeng, W.M., Yang, Z.F., Xie, Y.J. and Qiu, G.Z. (2009). "Qiu, Bioleaching of chalcopyrite concentrate by a moderately thermophilic culture in a stirred tank reactor." Bioresource Technology ,Vol. 100, No. 2, pp. 515–520.
14
[14] Cui, J. and Zhang, L. (2008). "Metallurgical recovery of metals from electronic waste: A review." Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 158, No. 2–3, pp. 228–256.
15
[15] Yang, T., Xu, Z., Wen, J. and Yang, L. (2009). "Factors influencing bioleaching copper from waste printed circuit boards by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans." Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 97, No. 1, pp. 29–32.
16
[16] Villares, M., Işıldar, A., Beltran, A.M. and Guinee, J. (2016). "Applying an exante life cycle perspective to metal recovery from e -waste using bioleaching." Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 129, pp. 315–328.
17
[17] Brandl, H., Bosshard, R. and Wegmann, M. (1999). "Computer-munching microbes: Metal leaching from electronic scrap by bacteria and fungi." Process Metallurgy, Vol. 9, No. C, pp. 569–576.
18
[18] Faramarzi, M.A., Stagars, M., Pensini, E., Krebs, W. and Brandl, H. (2004). "Metal solubilization from metal-containing solid materials by cyanogenic Chromobacterium violaceum." Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 113, No. 1, pp. 321–326.
19
[19] Ting, Y.P., Tan, C.C. and Pham, V.A. (2008). "Cyanide-generating bacteria for gold recovery from electronic scrap material." Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 136, pp. S653–S654.
20
[20] Ren, W.X., Li, P., Geng, Y. and Li, X.J. (2009). "Biological leaching of heavy metals from a contaminated soil by Aspergillus niger." Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 167, No. 1 – 3, pp. 164–169.
21
[21] Ilyas, S., Ruan, C., Bhatti, H.N., Ghauri, M.A. and Anwar, M.A. (2010). "Column bioleaching of metals from electronic scrap." Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 101, No. 3, pp. 135 –140.
22
[22] Liang, G., Tang, J., Liu, W. and Zhou, Q. (2013). "Optimizing mixed culture of two acidophiles to improve copper recovery from printed circuit boards (PCBs)." Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 250, pp. 238–245.
23
[23] Bharadwaj, A. and Ting, Y.P. (2013). "Bioleaching of spent hydrotreating catalyst by acidophilic thermophile Acidianus brierleyi: Leaching mechanism and effect of decoking." Bioresource Technology, Vol. 130, pp. 673–680.
24
[24] Mishra, D., Kim, D.J., Ralph, D.E., Ahn, J.G. and Rhee, Y.H. (2007). "Bioleaching of vanadium rich spent refinery catalysts using sulfur oxidizing lithotrophs." Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 88, No. 1, pp. 202–209.
25
[25] Mishra, D., Kim, D.J., Ralph, D.E., Ahn, J.G. and Rhee, Y.H. (2008) "Bioleaching of metals from spent lithium ion secondary batteries using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans." Waste Management, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 333–338.
26
[26] Choi, M.S., Cho, K.S., Kim, D.S. and Kim, D.J. (2004). "Microbial recovery of copper from printed circuit boards of waste computer by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, Vol. 39, No. 11–12, pp. 2973–2982.
27
[27] Vestola, E.A., Kuusenaho, M.K., Närhi, H.M., Tuovinen, O.H., Puhakka, J.A., Plumb, J.J. and Kaksonen, A.H. (2010). "Acid bioleaching of solid waste materials from copper, steel and recycling industries." Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 103, No. 1, pp. 74 –79.
28
[28] Yang, Y., Chen, S., Li, S., Chen, M., Chen, H. and Liu, B. (2014) . "Bioleaching waste printed circuit boards by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and its kinetics aspect." Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 173, pp. 24–30.
29
[29] Zhu, N., Xiang, Y., Zhang, T., Wu, P., Dang, Z., Li, P. and Wu, J. (2011). "Bioleaching of copper from waste printed circuit boards by bacterial consortium enriched from acid mine drainage." Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 192, No. 2, pp. 614–619.
30
[30] Arshadi, M. and Mousavi, S.M. (2014). "Simultaneous recovery of Ni and Cu from computer - printed circuit boards using bioleaching: Statistical evaluation and optimization." Bioresource Technology, Vol. 174, pp. 233–242.
31
[31] Arshadi, M. and Mousavi, S .M. (2015). "Multi-objective optimization of heavy metals bioleaching from discarded mobile phone PCBs: Simultaneous Cu and Ni recovery using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans." Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 147, pp. 210–219.
32
[32] Işıldar, A. , van de Vossenberg, J., Rene, E.R., van Hullebusch, E.D. and Lens, P.N.L. (2016). "Two-step bioleaching of copper and gold from discarded printed circuit boards (PCB)." Waste Management, Vol. 57, pp. 149–157.
33
[33] Zeng, G., Deng, X., Luo, S., Luo, X. and Zou, J. (2012). "A copper-catalyzed bioleaching process for enhancement of cobalt dissolution from spent lithiumion batteries." Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 199, pp. 164 – 169.
34
[34] Schinner, F. and Burgstaller, W. (1989). "Extraction of zinc from industrial waste by a Penicillium sp." Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 55, No. 5, pp. 1153–1156.
35
[35] Lee, J., Acar, S., Doerr, D.L. and Brierley, J.A. (2011). "Comparative bioleaching and mineralogy of composited sulfide ores containing enargite, covellite and chalcocite by mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms." Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 105, No. 3, pp. 213–221.
36
[36] Hester, R.E., Harrison, R.M. (2009). Electronic aste Management, 1st . Ed. Vol. 27, Royal Society of Chemistry Pub., UK.
37
[37] Levenspiel, O. (1999). Chemical reaction engineering, 3rd. Ed. Chapter 25, John Wiley & Sons Pub., New York.
38
[38] Nazemi, M.K., Rashchi, F. and Mostoufi, N. (2011). "A new approach for identifying the rate controlling step applied to the leaching of nickel from spent catalyst." International Journal of Mineral Processing , Vol. 100, No. 1–2, pp. 21–26.
39
[39] Golmohammadzadeh, R., Rashchi, F. and Vahidi, E. (2017). "Recovery of lithium and cobalt from spent lithiumion batteries using organic acids: Process optimization and kinetic aspects." Waste Management , Vol. 64, pp. 244–254.
40
[40] Faraji, F., Golmohammadzadeh, R., Rashchi, F. and Alimardani, N. (2018). “ Fungal bioleaching of WPCBs using Aspergillus niger: observation, optimization and kinetics.” Journal of Environtal Management. Vol. 217, pp. 775–787.
41
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
CFD-DEM Investigation on van der Waals Force in Gas-Solid Bubbling Fluidized Beds
Effect of interparticle force on the hydrodynamics of gas-solid fluidized beds was investigated using the combined method of computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method (CFD-DEM). The cohesive force between particles was considered to follow the van der Waals equation form. The model was validated by experimental results from literature in terms of bed voidage distribution and Eulerian solid velocity field. The results revealed that the incorporated model can satisfactorily predict the hydrodynamics of the fluidized bed in the presence of interparticle forces. Effect of interparticle force on the bubble rise characteristics, such as bubble stability, bubble diameter and bubble velocity, was investigated. It was shown that the emulsion voidage increases with increasing the interparticle force in the bed and it can hold more gas inside its structure. In addition, by increasing the interparticle force, size of bubbles and rise velocity of bubbles increase while the average velocity of particles decreases.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_66107_67efadccff86f9cb08dc24447dc06ac5.pdf
2018-06-01
93
105
10.22059/jchpe.2018.256180.1230
Discrete Element Method
Interparticle forces
Hydrodynamics
Bubble
Fluidization
Mahsa
Okhovat
m_oxovat@yahoo.com
1
Process Design and Simulation Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11155-4563, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Hamidreza
Norouzi
h.norouzi@aut.ac.ir
2
Depatment of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), PO Box: 15875-4413, Hafez 424, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Navid
Mostoufi
mostoufi@ut.ac.ir
3
Process Design and Simulation Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11155-4563, Tehran, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Agbim, J., Nienow, A., & Rowe, P. (1971). "Inter-particle forces that suppress bubbling in gas fluidised beds. "Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 26, No. 8, pp. 1293-1294.
1
[2] Anderson, T. B., & Jackson, R. (1967). "Fluid mechanical description of fluidized beds. Equations of motion. "Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 527-539.
2
[3] Baerns, M. (1966). "Effect of interparticle adhesive forces on fluidization of fine particles. "Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 508-516.
3
[4] Bouffard, J., Bertrand, F., Chaouki, J., & Giasson, S. (2012). "Control of particle cohesion with a polymer coating and temperature adjustment. "AIChE Journal, Vol. 58, No. 12, pp. 3685-3696.
4
[5] Clift, R., Grace, J., & Weber, M. (1974). "Stability of bubbles in fluidized beds. "Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 45-51.
5
[6] Cundall, P.A., & Strack, O.D. (1979). "A discrete numerical model for granular assemblies. "Geotechnique, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 47-65.
6
[7] Dahneke, B. (1972). "The influence of flattening on the adhesion of particles. "Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 1-13.
7
[8] Di Felice, R. (1994). "The voidage function for fluid-particle interaction systems. "International Journal of Multiphase Flow, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 153-159.
8
[9] Feng, Y., & Yu, A. (2004). "Assessment of model formulations in the discrete particle simulation of gas-solid flow. "Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 43, No. 26, pp. 8378-8390.
9
[10] Geldart, D. (1973). "Types of gas fluidization. "Powder Technology, Vol. 7, No. 5, pp. 285-292.
10
[11] Geldart, D., & Abrahamsen, A. R. (1978). "Homogeneous fluidization of fine powders using various gases and pressures. "Powder Technology, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 133-136.
11
[12] Geldart, D., Harnby, N., & Wong, A. (1984). "Fluidization of cohesive powders. "Powder Technology, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 25-37.
12
[13] Hassani, M. A., Zarghami, R., Norouzi, H., & Mostoufi, N. (2013). "Numerical investigation ofeffect of electrostatic forces on the hydrodynamics of gas–solid fluidized beds. "Powder Technology, Vol. 246, pp. 16-25.
13
[14] Kobayashi, T., Tanaka, T., Kawaguchi, T., Mukai, T., & Tsuji, Y. (2006). "DEM analysis on flow patterns of Geldart's group A particles in fluidized bed. "Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan, Vol. 43, No. 10, pp. 737-745.
14
[15] Kobayashi, T., Kawaguchi, T., Tanaka, T., & Tsuji, Y. (2003). "DEM analysis of fluidized behaviour of Geldart's Group A particles (pressure drop and stress distribution). "Paper presented at the Proceeding of The second Asian Particle Technology Symposium, pp. 17-19.
15
[16] Kobayashi, T., Tanaka, T., Shimada, N., & Kawaguchi, T. (2013). "DEM–CFD analysis of fluidization behavior of Geldart Group A particles using a dynamic adhesion force model. "Powder Technology, Vol. 248, pp. 143-152.
16
[17] Kruggel-Emden, H., Wirtz, S., & Scherer, V. (2008). "A study on tangential force laws applicable to the discrete element method (DEM) for materials with viscoelastic or plastic behavior. "Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 63, No. 6, pp. 1523-1541.
17
[18] Lettieri, P., Newton, D., & Yates, J. (2001). "High temperature effects on the dense phase properties of gas fluidized beds. "Powder Technology, Vol. 120, No. 1, pp. 34-40.
18
[19] Lettieri, P., Yates, J., & Newton, D. (2000). "The influence of interparticle forces on the fluidization behaviour of some industrial materials at high temperature. "Powder Technology, Vol. 110, No. 1, pp. 117-127.
19
[20] McLaughlin, L. J., & Rhodes, M. J. (2001). "Prediction of fluidized bed behaviour in the presence of liquid bridges. "Powder Technology, Vol. 114, No. 1, pp. 213-223.
20
[21] Morooka, S., Kusakabe, K., Kobata, A., & Kato, Y. (1988). "Fluidization state of ultrafine powders. "Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 41-46.
21
[22] Norouzi, H. R., Mostoufi, N., Zarghami, R., & Sotudeh-Gharebagh, R. (2016). Coupled CFD-DEM Modeling: Formulation, Implementation and Application to Multiphase Flows: John Wiley & Sons
22
[23] Pandit, J. K., Wang, X., & Rhodes, M. (2007). "A DEM study of bubble formation in Group B fluidized beds with and without cohesive interparticle forces. "Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 159-166.
23
[24] Patankar, S. (1980). Numerical heat transfer and fluid flow: CRC press.
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[25] Rhodes, M., Wang, X., Nguyen, M., Stewart, P., & Liffman, K. (2001). "Use of discrete elementmethod simulation in studying fluidization characteristics: influence of interparticle force. "Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 56, No. 1, pp.69-76.
25
[26] Rowe, P., Santoro, L., & Yates, J. (1978). "The division of gas between bubble and interstitial phases in fluidised beds of fine powders." Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 133-140.
26
[27] Seville, J., & Clift, R. (1984). "The effect of thin liquid layers on fluidisation characteristics."Powder Technology, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 117-129.
27
[28] Shabanian, J., & Chaouki, J. (2014). "Local characterization of a gas–solid fluidized bed in the presence of thermally induced interparticle forces. "Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 119, pp. 261-273.
28
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