ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Novel Study of Upgrading Catalytic Reforming Unit by Improving Catalyst Regeneration Process to Enhance Aromatic Compounds, Hydrogen Production, and Hydrogen Purity
Catalytic reforming is a chemical process utilized in petroleum refineries to convert naphtha, typically having low octane ratings, into high octane liquid products, called reformates, which are components of high octane gasoline. In this study, a mathematical model was developed for simulation of semi-regenerative catalytic reforming unit and the result of the proposed model was compared with the plant data to verify accuracy of the model. Then, an extra fixed bed reactor was added for upgrading the semi-regenerative process to cyclic process. The optimal condition of the cyclic process was calculated mathematically. The results show that the proposed configuration is capable to enhance the octane number, yield of product, hydrogen production rate, and hydrogen purity by 1.5%, 7.14%, 8.1%, and 13.2%, respectively. The modifications improve the performance in comparison with the current facilities. The results indicate that aromatic and hydrogen production and hydrogen purity improve in comparison with the semi-regenerative reformatting process. Due to the additional swing reactor, which is a spare one, each of the reactors must be removed for regeneration process and, then, be replaced with a rebuilt one.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_64448_94bf8d29ec8f80f5e27612861d022645.pdf
2017-12-01
81
94
10.22059/jchpe.2017.211623.1168
Catalytic naphtha reforming
modeling
Octane number enhancement
Hydrogen production
Upgrade of semi-regenerative reformer
Mohammad Reza
Talaghat
talaghat@sutech.ac.ir
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali Akbar
Roosta
aa.roosta@sutech.ac.ir
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Iman
Khosrozadeh
iman_khosrozadeh@yahoo.com
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Aitani, A.M. (2005). “Catalytic naphtha reforming.” Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing. S. Lee, ed., CRC Press, pp. 397–406.
1
[2] Ancheyta-Juarez, J. and Villafuerte-Macias, E. (2000). “Kinetic modeling of naphtha catalytic reforming reactions.” Energy Fuels, Vol. 14 (5), pp. 1032-1037.
2
[3] Speight, J.G. (2011). “The Refinery of the Future.” 1st Ed., William Andrew Publishing, Boston.
3
[4] Pregger, T., Graf, D., Krewitt, W., Sattler, C. and Moller, S. (2009). “Prospects of solar thermal hydrogen production processes.” Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 34, pp. 4256- 4267.
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[5] Alves, J.J. and Towler, G.P. (2002). “Analysis of refinery hydrogen distribution systems.” Journal of Engineering Chemical Research, Vol. 41 (23), pp. 5759-5769.
5
[6] Liu, F. and Zhang, N. (2004). “Strategy of purifier selection and integration in hydrogen networks.” Journal of Chemical Engineering Research, Vol. 82, pp. 1315-1330.
6
[7] D’Ippolito, S.A., Vera, C.R., Epron, F., Especel, C., Marecot, P. and Pieck, C.L. (2008). “Naphtha reforming Pt-Re-Ge/g-Al2O3 catalysts prepared by catalytic reduction influence of the pH of the Ge addition step.” Journal of CatalysisToday, Vol. 131, pp. 13-19.
7
[8] Iranshahi, D., Pourazadi, E., Paymooni, K., Bahmanpour, A.M., Rahimpour, M.R. and Shariati, A. (2010). “Modeling of an axial flow, spherical packed-bed reactor for naphtha reforming process in the presence of the catalyst deactivation.” Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 35, pp. 12784-12799.
8
[9] Rahimpour, M.R., Iranshahi, D. and Bahmanpour, A.M. (2010). “Dynamic optimization of a multi stage spherical, radial flow reactor for the naphtha reforming process in the presence of catalyst deactivation using differential evolution (DE) method.” Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 35, pp. 7498-7511.
9
[10]Zahedi, G.H., Tarin, M. and Biglari, M. (2012). “Dynamic modeling and simulation of industrial naphtha reforming reactor.” Journal of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 67, pp. 911-920.
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[11] Ramage, M.P., Graziani, K.R. and Krambeck, F.J. (1980). “Development of mobils kinetic reforming model.” Journal of Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 35, pp. 41-48.
11
[12] Iranshahi, D., Bahmanpour, A.M., Pourazadi, E. and Rahimpour, M.R. (2010). “Mathematical modeling of a multi-stage naphtha reforming process using novel thermally coupled recuperative reactor to enhance aromatic production.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 35 (20), pp. 10984-10993.
12
[13] Benitez, V.M. and Pieck, C.L. (2009). “Influence of indium content on the properties of Pt-Re/Al2O3 naphtha reforming catalysts.” Journal of Catalyst Letter, Vol. 107, pp. 643-650.
13
[14] Boutzeloit, M., Benitez, V.A., Mazzieri, V.M., Especel, C., Epron, F., Vera, C.R. and Pieck, C.L. (2006). “Effect of method of addition of Ge on the catalytic properties of Pt-Re /Al2O3 and Pt-Ir /Al2O3naphtha reforming catalysts.” Journal of Catalyst Communication, Vol. 7, pp. 627-632.
14
[15]Mazzieri, V.A., Pieck, C.L., Vera, C.R., Yori, J.C. and Grau, J.M. (2008). “Analysis of coke deposition and study of the variables of regeneration and rejuvenation of naphtha reforming trimetallic catalysts.” Journal of Catalyst Today, Vol. 135, pp. 870-878.
15
[16] Sugimoto, M., Murakawa, T., Hirano, T. and Ohashi, H. (2006). “Novel regeneration method of Pt/KL zeolite catalyst for light naphtha reforming.” Journal of Applied Catalyst, Vol. 95, pp. 257-268.
16
[17] Antos, G.J., Aitani, A.M. and Parera, J.M. (1995). “Catalytic naphtha reforming.” Science and technology, Vol. 99, Marcel Decker Inc., New York, pp. 409-436.
17
[18] Anabtawi, J.A., Redwan, D.S., Al-Jaralla, A.M. and Aitani, A.M. (1991). “Advanced in the chemistry of catalytic reforming of naphtha.” Journal of Fuel Science and Technology, Vol.91, pp. 1-23.
18
[19] Berger, C.V., Denny, R.F. and Michalko, E. (1978). “Chemistry of HC platforming.” American Chemical Society, Division of Petroleum Chemistry, Vol. 23, Preprints.
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[20] Smith, R.B. (1959). “Kinetic analysis of naphtha reforming with platinum catalyst.” Chemical Engineering Progress, Vol. 55, pp. 76-80.
20
[21] Bird, R.B., Stewart, W.E. and Lightfoot, E.N. (1960). Transport Phenomena. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
21
[22] Taskar, U. and Riggs, J.B. (1997). “Modeling and optimization of a semiregenerative catalytic naphtha reformer.” AICHE Journal, Vol. 43, pp. 740-753.
22
[23] Arani, H.M., Shokri, S. and Shirvani, M. (2010). “Dynamic modeling and simulation of catalytic naphtha reforming.” International journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 1 (2), pp.159-164.
23
[24] Meyers, R.A. (1996). Hand Book of Petroleum Refining Processes. 2nd Ed., McGraw Hill.
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[25] Bommannan, D., Srivastava, R.D., Saraf, D.N. (1989). “Modelling of catalytic naphtha reformers.” Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 67 (3), pp. 405-411.
25
[26] Matar, S., Hatch, L.F. (2000). Chemistry of Petrochemical Processes, 2th Ed., Gulf Publishing Company.
26
[27] Jess, A., Hein, O. and Kern, C. (1999). “Deactivation and decoking of a naphtha reforming catalyst.” Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis Journal,Vol. 126, pp. 81-88.
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparison of Different Hydraulic Fracture Growth Models Based on a Carbonate Reservoir in Iran
There has been little interest in the application of hydraulic fracture treatment in Iranian oil fields, thanks to the primarily suitable production rates of the vast oil fields. In this paper, hydraulic fracturing treatment was simulated by different models for a carbonate reservoir in the southwest of Iran. Suitable pay zones were nominated based on the lithology, water-oil saturation, geomechanical properties, and finally in-situ stress conditions – with the optimum option chosen based on a pseudo three-dimensional (P3D) model. In this work, modeling with P3D, finite different method (FDM), and the methods proposed by Perkins, Kern, and Nordgren (PKN) and Khristianovic, Geertsma, and de Klerk (KGD) were performed in order to determine and compare fracture growth geometrical aspects and the required pressure. Comparison of the above-mentioned models confirmed that P3D and FDM provides more reasonable results, while neither of PKN and KGD models was suitable for such a complex condition. Eventually, sensitivity analysis of input data, such as in-situ stress, injection rates, and reservoir geomechanical properties, was performed to evaluate the variation influence of these factors on fracture growth aspects, such as required pressures and geometrical specifications. The results showed that successful hydraulic fracturing treatment not only depended on the controllable parameters like fluid and proppant specifications, but also uncontrollable parameters such as reservoir properties and in-situ stress had to be taken into account. This study can help to select the optimum model in future hydraulic fracture design and implement it in carbonate reservoirs with similar conditions.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_64471_efa307cea217f5b2d13a5cddcbe61d5c.pdf
2017-12-01
95
104
10.22059/jchpe.2017.232270.1191
Hydraulic fracturing
Fracture growth
Fracture geometrical aspects
Cracking pressure
Reservoir geomechanical properties
Mohamadali
Chamanzad
alichamanzad@gmail.com
1
Department of mining, petroleum and geophysics engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Semnan, Iran
AUTHOR
Ahmad
Ramezanzadeh
aramezanzadeh@gmail.com
2
Department of mining, petroleum and geophysics engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Semnan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Behzad
Tokhmechi
tokhmechi@alumni.ut.ac.ir
3
Department of mining, petroleum and geophysics engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Semnan, Iran
AUTHOR
Hojat
Norouzi
ramezanzadeh@shahroodut.ac.ir
4
Head of research and development at petroleum engineering and development company
AUTHOR
[1] King, G.E. (2012). “Hydraulic Fracturing 101: What Every Representative, Environmentalist, Regulator, Reporter, Investor, University Researcher, Neighbor and Engineer Should Know About Estimating Frac Risk and Improving Frac Performance in Unconventional Gas and Oil Wells.” Society of Petroleum Engineers. SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference. 10.2118/152596-MS.
1
[2] Rodrigues, V.F., Neumann, L.F. and Torres, D. (2007). “Horizontal Well Completion and Stimulation Techniques - A Review with Emphasis on Low-Permeability Carbonates.” Society of Petroleum Engineers. 10.2118/108075-MS.
2
[3] Zoveidavianpoor, M., Samsuri, A. and Shadizadeh, S.R. (2012). “Development of a Fuzzy System Model for Candidate-well Selection for Hydraulic Fracturing in a Carbonate Reservoir.” Society of Petroleum Engineers. 10.2118/153200-MS.
3
[4] Weng, X. (2014). “Modeling of complex hydraulic fractures in naturally fractured formation.” Journal of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources, Vol. 9, pp. 114-135.
4
[5] Warpinski, N.R., Moschovidis, Z.A., Parker, C.D. and Abou-Sayed, I.S. (1994). “Discussion of Comparison Study of Hydraulic Fracturing Models -- Test Case: GRI Staged Field Experiment No. 3.” Society of Petroleum Engineers. 10.2118/25890-PA.
5
[6] Adachi, J., Siebrits, E., Peirce, A. and Desroches, J. (2007). “Computer simulation of hydraulic fractures.” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Vol. 44 (5), pp. 739-757.
6
[7] Aguilar-Razo, R. (2000). “Propped Fracturing in Gas Carbonate Formations in Mexico.” Society of Petroleum Engineers. 10.2118/58987-MS.
7
[8] Azeemuddin, M., Ghori, S.G., Saner, S. and Khan, M.N. (2002). “Injection-Induced Hydraulic Fracturing in a Naturally Fractured Carbonate Reservoir : A Case Study from Saudi Arabia.” Society of Petroleum Engineers. 10.2118/73784-MS.
8
[9] Nagy, Z., Pacheco, F., Rosa, M., Ribeiro, M., Jouti, I., Pastor, J.A. and Gigena, L. (2011). “Use of Geomechanics for Optimizing Reservoir Completion and Stimulation Strategies for Carbonates in the Campos Basin, Offshore Brazil.” Offshore Technology Conference. 10.4043/22364-MS.
9
[10] Hashemi, A., Shadizadeh, S.R. and Zoveidavianpoor, M. (2013). “Selection of Hydraulic Fracturing Candidates in Iranian Carbonate Oil Fields: A Local Computerised Screening of Zone and Well Data.” International Petroleum Technology Conference. 10.2523/IPTC-17192-MS.
10
[11] Zhang, X., Zhang, S., Yang, Y., Zhang, P. and Wei, G. (2016). “Numerical simulation by hydraulic fracturing engineering based on fractal theory of fracture extending in the coal seam.” Journal of Natural Gas Geoscience, Vol. 1 (4), pp. 319-325.
11
[12] Zhao, X., Ju, Y., Yang, Y., Su, S. and Gong, W. (2016). “Impact of hydraulic perforation on fracture initiation and propagation in shale rocks.” Journal of Science China Technological Sciences, Vol. 59 (5), pp. 756-762.
12
[13] Hamidi, F. and Mortazavi, A. (2014). “A New Three Dimensional Approach to Numerically Model Hydraulic Fracturing Process.” Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering, Vol. 21 (12), pp. 451-467.
13
[14] Rahman, M.M. and Rahman, M.K. (2010). “A Review of Hydraulic Fracture Models and Development of an Improved Pseudo-3D Model for Stimulating Tight Oil/Gas Sand.” Journal of Energy Sources, Vol. 32 (15), pp. 1416–1436.
14
[15] Geertsma, J. and De Klerk, F. (1969). “A Rapid Method of Predicting Width and Extent of Hydraulically Induced Fractures.” Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 21 (12), pp. 1571-1581.
15
[16] Hagel, M.W. and Meyer, B.R. (1992). “Utilizing Mini-frac Data to Improve Design and Production.” Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, Vol. 33 (03), pp. 44-56.
16
[17] Society of Petroleum Engineers. Fracture propagation models. (2012). Accessed on Jan 15 2013; http://petrowiki.org/-Fracture_propagation_models.
17
[18] Mack, M.G. and Warpinski, N.R. (2000). Mechanics of hydraulic fracturing, In: Economides, Nolte, editors. Reservoir stimulation, 3rd ed. Chichester; Wiley, chapter 6.
18
[19] Barree & Assocites, Gohfer user manual for use with version 8.2.3.
19
[20] Iran National Logging Corporattion. (2011). Mud Logging Report.
20
[21] Kalfayan, L.J. (2007). “Fracture acidizing: history, present state, and future.” Society of Petroleum Engineers, 10.2118/106371-MS.
21
[22] Hwang, Y.S. (2011). Candidate Well Selection for the Test of Degradable,PhD Dissertation, Texas A&M University.
22
[23] Roshanai Heydarabadi, F., Moghadasi, J. and Safian, G.A. (2010). “Hydraulic Fracturing in Iran-Lessons from Four Case Histories.” Society of Petroleum Engineers. 10.2118/136103-MS.
23
[24] Cook, C.C. and Brekke, K. (2002). “Productivity Preservation through Hydraulic Propped Fractures in the Eldfisk.” Society of Petroleum Engineers. 10.2118/88031-PA.
24
[25] Cleary, J.M. (1958). Hydraulic fracture theory: Part I. Mechanics of materials, Circular, No. 251.
25
[26] Hubbert, M.K. and Willis, D.G. (1957). “Mechanics of hydraulic fracturing.” Petroleum transactions, AIME, Vol. 210, pp. 153-163.
26
[27] Barree, R.D. (1983). “A practical numerical simulator for three-dimensional fracture propagation in heterogeneous media.” Society of Petroleum Engineers. 10.2118/12273-MS.
27
[28] Zhang, G.M., Liu, H., Zhang, J., Wu, H. and Wang, X.X. (2010). “Three-dimensional finite element simulation and parametric study for horizontal well hydraulic fracture.” Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 72, pp. 310-317.
28
[29] Veatch, R.W. (1983). “Overview of Current Hydraulic Fracturing Design and Treatment Technology-Part 1.” Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 35 (4), pp. 677-687.
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Prediction of Dispersed Phase Holdup in Scheibel Extraction Columns by a New Correlation
In this study, the effect of operating parameters on dispersed phase holdup in liquid-liquid extraction process has been investigated. Three chemical systems (Toluene/Water, Butyl acetate/Water, and n-Butanol/Water) were utilized and holdup was considered in a wide range of interfacial tensions through a Scheibel extraction column. Various rotor speeds were examined on the certain velocities of dispersed and continuous phases. It was found that with increasing rotor speed in a Scheibel extraction column, the drop size was reduced and drops were trapped inside the packed so that an increase in the dispersed phaseholdup happened. An obvious increasing trend of dispersed phase holdup was observed as a result of increase in dispersed phase velocity for all systems operating under 2 different rotor speed, namely, 100 and 140rpm. However, the results showed that increase in the velocity of continuous phase would not make significant effect on the holdup. During examining the effect of both rotor speed and dispersed phase velocity, it was found that the holdup would be higher in the chemical system with the lowest interfacial tension compared with two other systems. An empirical correlation was also proposed to predict the dispersed phaseholdup with AARE of 8.72%.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_64472_bacc49093a15799807e10cb6b71e6f0f.pdf
2017-12-01
105
111
10.22059/jchpe.2017.230344.1187
Scheibel extraction column, Dispersed phase
Holdup
Liquid-liquid extraction
Rotor speed
Shahrokh
Houshyar
houshyar1368@alumni.ut.ac.ir
1
Separation Processes & Nanotechnology Lab, Faculty of Caspian, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Meisam
Torab-Mostaedi
mmostaedi@aeoi.org.ir
2
Materials and Nuclear Fuel Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, P.O. Box. 11365-8486, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Hamed
Mousavi
mhmousavi@ut.ac.ir
3
Separation Processes & Nanotechnology Lab, Faculty of Caspian, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Bahmanyar, A., Khoobi N., Moharrer, M.M.A. and Bahmanyar, H. (2014). “Mass transfer from nanofluid drops in a pulsed liquid–liquid extraction column.” Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Vol. 92, pp. 2313-2323.
1
[2] Kelly, K., Yung, L. and Craig, D. (2012). “The use of an ionic liquid in a Karr reciprocating plate extraction column.” Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Vol. 90, pp. 2034-2040.
2
[3] Yuan, S., Shi, Y., Yin, H., Chen, Z. and Zhou, J. (2014). “An improved Correlation of the Drop Size in a Modified Scheibel Extraction Column.” Chemical Engineering Technology, Vol. 37, pp. 2165-2174.
3
[4] Sai, M. and Pingli L. (2014). “Reaction extraction of furfural from pentose solutions in a modified Scheibel column.” Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, Vol. 83, pp. 71-78.
4
[5] Mjalli, F.S., Nabil, M., Abdel, J. and Fletcher, J.P. (2005). “Modeling, simulation and control of a Scheibel liquid–liquid contactor: Part 1. Dynamic analysis and system identification.”Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, Vol. 44, pp. 541-553.
5
[6] Alatiqi, I., Aly, G., Mjalli, F. and Mumford, C.J. (1995). “Mathematical Modeling and Steady-State Analysis of a Scheibel Extraction Column.” The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 73, pp. 523-533.
6
[7] Bonnet, J.C. and Jeffreys, G.V. (1985). “Hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics of a Scheibel extractor. Part II: Backmixing and stage efficiency.” AIChE Journal, Vol. 31, pp. 795-801.
7
[8] Godfrey, J.C. and Slater, M.J. (1991). “Slip velocity relationships for liquid–liquid extraction columns.” Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Vol. 69, pp. 130-141.
8
[9] Napeida, M., Haghighi-Asl, A., Safdari, J. and Torab-Mostaedi, M. (2010). “Holdup and characteristic velocity in a Hanson mixer-settler extraction column.” Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Vol. 88, pp. 703-711.
9
[10] Komasawa, I. and Ingham, J. (1978). “Effect of system properties on the performance of Liquid-Liquid extraction columns-II: Oldshue-Rushton column.” Chemical Engineering Science,Vol. 33, pp. 479-485.
10
[11] Zhang, L. and Pan, Q. (2006). “Liquid phase mixing and gas holdup in a multistage-agitated contactor with co-current upflow of air/viscous fluids.” Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 61, pp. 6189-6198.
11
[12] Kadam, B.D., Joshi, J.B. and Patil, R.N. (2009). “Hydrodynamic and mass transfer characteristics of asymmetric rotating disc extractors.” Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Vol. 87, pp. 756-769.
12
[13] Misek, T., Berger, R. and Schröter, J. (1985). “Standard test systems for liquid extraction studies.” European Federation of Chemical Engineering by Institution of Chemical Engineers. 2nd ed.
13
[14] Kasatkin, A.G., Kagan, S.Z. and Trukhanov, V.G. (1962). “Holdup of rotating disc extractors.” Journal of Applied Chemistry, Vol. 35, pp. 1903-1910.
14
[15] Sarkar, S., Phillips, C.R. and Mumford, C.J. (1985). “Characterization of hydrodynamic parameters in rotating disc and Oldshue-Rushton columns. Hydrodynamic modeling, drop size, holdup and flooding.” The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 63, pp. 701-709.
15
[16] Tsouris, C., Ferreira, R. and Tavlarides, L.L. (1990). “Characterization of hydrodynamic parameters in a multistage column contactor.” The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 68, pp. 913-923.
16
[17] Kumar, A. and Hartland, S. (1995). “A unified correlation for the prediction of dispersed phase holdup in liquid–liquid extraction columns.” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 34, pp. 3925-3940.
17
[18] Oliveira, N.S., Silva, D.M., Gondim, M.P.C. and Mansur, M.B. (2008). “A study of the drop size distributions and holdup in short Kuhni columns.” Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 25, pp. 729-741.
18
[19] Hemmati, A.R., Shirvani, M., Torab-Mostaedi, M. and Ghaemi, A. (2015). “Holdup and flooding characteristics in a perforated rotating disc contactor (PRDC).” RSC Advances, Vol. 5, pp. 63025-63033.
19
[20] Asadollahzadeh, M., Torab-Mostaedi, M., Shahhosseini, S.H. and Ghaemi, A. (2016). “Experimental investigation of dispersed phase holdup and flooding characteristics in a multistage column extractor.” Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Vol. 105, pp. 177-187.
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Vanadium Oxide Supported on Al-modified Titania Nanotubes for Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane
In this study, characterization of vanadia supported on Al-modified titania nanotubes (TiNTs) synthesized by the alkaline hydrothermal treatment of TiO2 powders has been reported. A promising catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of propane was prepared via the incipient wetness impregnation method. The morphology and crystalline structure of TiNTs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). TiNTs provided large specific surface areas of about 408m2/gr and 1.603cm3/gr for pore volume. Rapid sintering and anatase to rutile phase transformation occurred in presence of vanadia in the catalysts at high calcination temperature. Al-promoted TiNTs considerably inhibited the loss of surface area so that a superior catalytic activity was observed in the ODH of propane along with amelioration of structural properties. The results showed 49.7% increase in propane conversion and 22.6% increase in propylene production at 500οC for Al-modified catalyst.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_64473_d68c0a9dbba955b6c76f2e319d581bf8.pdf
2017-12-01
113
121
10.22059/jchpe.2017.235812.1203
Aluminium
Oxidative dehydrogenation
Propylene
Titania nanotubes
Vanadium oxide catalysts
Mojtaba
Saei Moghaddam
mojtabasaei@qiet.ac.ir
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Jafar
Towfighi
towfighi@modares.ac.ir
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Putra, M.D., Al-Zahrani, S.M. and Abasaeed, A.E. (2011). "Oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene over Al2O3-supported Sr–V–Mo catalysts." Catalysis Communications, Vol. 14, pp. 107-110.
1
[2] Sun, X., Ding, Y., Zhang, B., Huang, R. and Su, D.S. (2015). "New insights into the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane on borate-modified nanodiamond." Chemical Communications, Vol. 51, pp. 9145-8.
2
[3] Putra, M.D., Al-Zahrani, S.M. and Abasaeed, A.E. (2012). "Oxidehydrogenation of propane to propylene over Sr–V–Mo catalysts: Effects of reaction temperature and space time." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 18, pp. 1153-1156.
3
[4] Siahvashi, A., Chesterfield, D. and Adesina, A.A. (2013). "Nonoxidative and Oxidative Propane Dehydrogenation over Bimetallic Mo–Ni/Al2O3 Catalyst." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 52, pp. 4017-4026.
4
[5] Ma, F., Chen, S., Zhou, H., Li, Y. and Lu, W. (2014). "Revealing the ameliorating effect of chromium oxide on a carbon nanotube catalyst in propane oxidative dehydrogenation." RSC Advance, Vol. 4, pp. 40776-40781.
5
[6] Chen, S., Ma, F., Xu, A., Wang, L., Chen, F. and Lu, W. (2014). "Study on the structure, acidic properties of V–Zr nanocrystal catalysts in oxidative dehydrogenation of propane." Applied Surface Science, Vol. 289, pp. 316-325.
6
[7] Löfberg, A., Giornelli, T., Paul S. and Bordes-Richard, E. (2011). "Catalytic coatings for structured supports and reactors: VOx/TiO2 catalyst coated on stainless steel in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane." Applied Catalysis A: General, Vol. 391, pp. 43-51.
7
[8] Fattahi, M., Kazemeini, M., Khorasheh, F. and Rashidi, A.M. (2013). "Vanadium pentoxide catalyst over carbon-based nanomaterials for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 52, pp. 16128-16141.
8
[9] Rozanska, X., Fortrie, R. and Sauer, J. (2014). "Size-dependent catalytic activity of supported vanadium oxide species: oxidative dehydrogenation of propane." Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 136, pp. 7751-7761.
9
[10] Banares, M. and Khatib, S. (2004). "Structure-activity relationships in alumina-supported molybdena-vanadia catalysts for propane oxidative dehydrogenation." Catalysis Today, Vol. 96, pp. 251-257.
10
[11] Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Jin, Z., Wu, Z. and Zhang, Z. (2008). "Visible-light photocatalytic behavior of two different N-doped TiO2." Applied Surface Science, Vol. 254, pp. 4462-4466.
11
[12] Oliva, C., Cappelli, S., Rossetti, I., Ballarini, N., Cavani, F. and Forni, L. (2009). "EPR enlightening some aspects of propane ODH over VOx–SiO2 and VOx–Al2O3." Chemical Engineering Journa l,Vol. 154, pp. 131-136.
12
[13] Chakraborty, S., Nayak, S.C. and Deo, G. (2015). "TiO2/SiO2 supported vanadia catalysts for the ODH of propane." Catalysis Today, Vol. 254, pp. 62-71.
13
[14] Wang, C., Chen, J. G., Xing, T., Liu, Z. T., Liu, Z.W. and Jiang, J. (2015). "Vanadium Oxide Supported on Titanosilicates for the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of n-Butane." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research,Vol. 54, pp. 3602-3610.
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[15] Reddy, B.M., Lakshmanan, P., Loridant, S., Yamada, Y., Kobayashi, T. and López-Cartes, C. (2006). "Structural Characterization and Oxidative Dehydrogenation Activity of V2O5/Ce x Zr1-x O2/SiO2 Catalysts." The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 110, pp. 9140-9147.
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[16] Cortés Corberán., V. (2009). "Nanostructured Oxide Catalysts for Oxidative Activation of Alkanes." Topics in Catalysis, Vol. 52, pp. 962-969.
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[17] Shee, D. and Deo, G. (2009). "Adsorption and ODH reaction of alkane on sol–gel synthesized TiO2–WO3 supported vanadium oxide catalysts: In situ DRIFT and structure–reactivity study." Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, Vol. 308, pp. 46-55.
17
[18] Lei, Y., Mehmood, F., Lee, S., Greeley, J., Lee, B. and Seifert S.(2010). "Increased silver activity for direct propylene epoxidation via subnanometer size effects." Science,Vol. 328, pp. 224-8.
18
[19] Kraemer, S., Rondinone, A.J., Tsai, Y.T., Schwartz, V.S., Overbury, H. and Idrobo, J.C. (2016). "Oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutane over vanadia catalysts supported by titania nanoshapes." Catalysis Today, Vol. 263, pp. 84-90.
19
[20] Rischard, J., Antinori, C., Maier, L. and Deutschmann, O. (2016). "Oxidative dehydrogenation of n-butane to butadiene with Mo-V-MgO catalysts in a two-zone fluidized bed reactor." Applied Catalysis A: General, Vol. 511, pp. 23-30.
20
[21] Reddy, B.M., Rao, K.N., Reddy, G.K. and Bharali, P. (2006). "Characterization and catalytic activity of V2O5/Al2O3-TiO2 for selective oxidation of 4-methylanisole." Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical,Vol. 253, pp. 44-51.
21
[22] De León, M.A., De Los Santos, C., Latrónica, L.A., Cesio, M., Volzone, C. and Castiglioni , J. (2014). "High catalytic activity at low temperature in oxidative dehydrogenation of propane with Cr–Al pillared clay." Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 241, pp. 336-343.
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[23] Wang, W., Zhang, J., Huang, H., Wu, Z. and Zhang, Z. (2008). "Surface-modification and characterization of H-titanate nanotube." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Vol. 317, pp. 270-276.
23
[24] Fen, L.B., Han, T.K., Nee, N.M., Ang, B.C. and Johan, M.R. (2011). "Physico-chemical properties of titania nanotubes synthesized via hydrothermal and annealing treatment." Applied Surface Science, Vol. 258, pp. 431-435.
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[25] Ou, H. and Lo, S. (2007). "Review of titania nanotubes synthesized via the hydrothermal treatment: Fabrication, modification, and application." Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 58, pp. 179-191.
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[26] Liu, J., Fu, Y., Sun, Q. and Shen, J. (2008). "TiO2 nanotubes supported V2O5 for the selective oxidation of methanol to dimethoxymethane." Microporous and Mesoporous Material s,Vol. 116, pp. 614-621.
26
[27] Kootenaei, A.H.S., Towfighi, J., Khodadadi, J.A. and Mortazavi, Y. (2014). "Stability and catalytic performance of vanadia supported on nanostructured titania catalyst in oxidative dehydrogenation of propane." Applied Surface Science, Vol. 298, pp. 26-35.
27
[28] Concepción, P., Nieto, J.L. and Pérez-Pariente. J. (1994). "Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane on a magnesium-vanadium aluminophosphate (MgVAPO-5) catalyst." Catalysis letters, Vol. 28, pp. 9-15.
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[29] Kim, S.J., Yun, Y.U., Oh, H.J., Hong, S.H., Roberts, C.A. and Routray, K. (2009). "Characterization of hydrothermally prepared titanate nanotube powders by ambient and in situ Raman spectroscopy." The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 1, pp. 130-135.
29
[30] Shi, L., Cao, L., Liu, W., Su, G., Gao, R. and Zhao, Y. (2014). "A study on partially protonated titanate nanotubes: Enhanced thermal stability and improved photocatalytic activity." Ceramics International, Vol. 40, pp. 4717-4723.
30
[31] Gannoun, C., Turki, A., Kochkar, H., Delaigle, R., Eloy, P. and Ghorbel, A. (2014). "Elaboration and characterization of sulfated and unsulfated V2O5/TiO2 nanotubes catalysts for chlorobenzene total oxidation." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental,Vol. 147, pp. 58-64.
31
[32] Cortés-Jácome, M.A., Ferrat-Torres, G.L., Ortiz, F.F., Angeles-Chávez, C., López-Salinas, E. and Escobar J. (2007). "In situ thermo-Raman study of titanium oxide nanotubes." Catalysis Today,Vol. 126, pp. 248-255.
32
[33] Ma, R., Fukuda, K., Sasaki, T., Osada, M. and Bando, Y. (2005). "Structural features of titanate nanotubes/nanobelts revealed by Raman, X-ray absorption fine structure and electron diffraction characterizations." The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 109, pp. 6210-6214.
33
[34] Qian, L., Du, Z.L., Yang, S.Y. and Jin, Z.S. (2005). "Raman study of titania nanotube by soft chemical process." Journal of Molecular Structure, Vol. 749, pp. 103-107.
34
[35] Stencel, J.M. (1989). Raman spectroscopy for catalysis, Springer.
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[36] Wang, G., Wu, W., Zhu, X., Sun, Y., Li, C. and Shan, H. (2014). "Effect of calcination temperature on isobutane dehydrogenation over Mo/MgAl2O4 catalysts." Catalysis Communications, Vol. 56, pp. 119-122.
36
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Simulation of Separation of a Racemic Mixture of Ibuprofen by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography in Simulated Moving Bed
Separation of a racemic mixture of ibuprofen at a low concentration level by supercritical fluid chromatography in a simulated moving bed (SFC-SMB) is investigated by simulation. The feasibility of ibuprofen enantiomers separation has been experimentally examined in the literature. Our simulation results show that separation of ibuprofen enantiomers is feasible by this method, and R-ibuprofen and S-ibuprofen products with purity of over 99% can be obtained, which agrees with experimental data in the literature. For initial studies, the triangular theory is used to find the operating conditions. This simulation shows that the application of the triangular diagram is valuable in cases where none of the operating conditions is available. The operating point conditions, such as streams flow rates and switching time, are obtained with this method. Also, the effect of the location of the selected operating points in the triangular diagram on operating conditions, purity, and concentration of the products are investigated. In triangle theory, the optimal operating point should be near the vertex of the triangle diagram with a safety margin, to obtain products with high purity. The simulation also confirms that selecting the operating point away from the vertex of the triangular diagram will lead to diluted products.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_64474_6b20cd2682b3ad0a23c1c03ccc47b64b.pdf
2017-12-01
123
133
10.22059/jchpe.2017.175664.1115
Adsorption
Ibuprofen
separation
Simulated moving bed
Process simulation
Sepideh
Yazdian Kashani
kashani_sepid@yahoo.com
1
Sharif University of Technology, Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department
AUTHOR
Fathollah
Farhadi
farhadi@sharif.edu
2
Sharif University of Technology, Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Gomes, P.S. (2009). “Advances in Simulated Moving Bed; New Operating Modes; New Design Methodologies; and Product (FLEXSMB-LSRE) Development.” PhD thesis, University of Porto, Portugal.
1
[2] (2011). “Aspen Chromatography tutorial Help Version: V7.3.”
2
[3] Choi, J.H., Kang, M.S., Lee, C.G., Wang, N.H.L. and Mun, S. (2017). “Design of simulated moving bed for separation of fumaric acid with a little fronting phenomenon.” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 1491, pp. 75-86.
3
[4] Hasan, M.M.F., First, E.L. and Floudas, C.A. (2016). “Discovery of novel zeolites and multi-zeolite processes for p-Xylene separation using simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography.” Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 159, pp. 3-17
4
[5] Peper, S., Lubbert, M., Johannsen, M. and Brunner. (2002). “separation of ibuprofen enantiomers by supercritical fluid simulated moving bed chromatography.” Separation Science and Technology, Vol. 37 (11), pp. 2545-2566.
5
[6] “en.wikipedia.org.” [Online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalidomide.
6
[7] Yaoa, C., Tangb, S., Yaoc, H.M. and Tade, M.O. (2013). “Continuous prediction technique for fast determination of cyclic steady state in simulated moving bed process.” Computers and Chemical Engineering, vol. 58, pp. 298-304.
7
[8] Katsuo, S., Langel, C., Sandré, A.L. and Mazzotti, M. (2011). “Intermittent simulated moving bed chromatography: 3. Separation of Tröger’s.” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 1218 (52), pp. 9345-9352.
8
[9] Pais, L.S., Loureiro, J.M. and Rodrigues, A.E. (1997). “Modeling, simulation and operation of a simulated moving bed for continuous chromatographic separation of 1,19-bi-2-naphthol enantiomers.” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 769, pp. 25-35.
9
[10] Dunnebier, G., Weirich, I. and Klatt, K. (1998). “Computationally efficient dynamic modelling and simulation of simulated moving bed chromatographic processes with linear isotherms.” Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 53 (14), pp. 2537-2546.
10
[11] Wei, F., Shen, B., Chen, M. and Zhao, Y. (2012). “Study on a pseudo-simulated moving bed with solvent gradient for ternary separations.” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 1225 (17), pp. 99-106.
11
[12] Pais, L.S., Loureiro, J.M. and Rodrigues, a.A.E. (1998). “Modeling Strategies for Enantiomers Separation by SMB Chromatography.” AIChE Journal, Vol. 44 (3), pp. 561-569.
12
[13] Storti, G., Mazzotti, M., Morbidelli, M. and Carra, S. (1993). “S. Robust Design of Binary Countercurrent Adsorption Separation Processes.” AIChE Journal, Vol. 39, pp. 471-492.
13
[14] Mazzotti, M., Storti, G. and Morbidelli, M. (1997). “Optimal operation of simulated moving bed units for nonlinear chromatography separations.” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 769, pp. 3-24.
14
[15] Choi, Y. J., Han, S.C. and Chung, S.T. (2007). “Separation of Racemic Bupivacaine Using Simulated Moving Bed with Mathematical Model.” Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, Vol. 12, pp. 625-633.
15
[16] Denet, F., Hauck, W. and Nicoud, R.M. (2000). “Continuous Supercritical Fluid Chromatographic Separation of Enantiomers in a Simulated Moving Bed Unit.” International Symposium on Supercritical Fluids, Atlanta, USA.
16
[17] Depta, A., Giese, T., Johannsen, M. and Brunner, G. (1999). “Separation of Stereoisomers in a Simulated Moving Bed-Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Plant.” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 865, pp. 175–186.
17
[18] Clavier, J. (1996). “ A New Fractionation Process: The Supercritical Fluid Simulated Moving Bed.” in Seventh International Symposium on Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Extraction, Indianapolis.
18
[19] Mazzotti, M., Storti, G. and Morbidelli, M. (1997). “ Supercritical Fluid Simulated Moving Bed Chromatography.” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 786, pp. 309-320.
19
[20] Johannsen, M. (2007) “Modeling of Simulated Moving-bed Chromatography, in Modeling of Process Intensification (ed F. J. Keil)”, Wiley-VCH Ver-lag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany.
20
[21] “http://en.wikipedia.org/.” [Online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibuprofen.
21
[22] Johannsen, M. (2001). “Separation of Enantiomers of Ibuprofen on Chiral Stationary Phases by Packed Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography.” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 937 (12), pp. 135-138.
22
[23] Long, N.V.D., Thai-Hoang Le, J.I.K., Lee, J.W. and Koo, Y.M. (2009). “Separation of D-psicose and D-fructose using simulated moving bed chromatography.” Journal of Separation Science, Vol. 32, pp. 1987-1995.
23
[24] Minceva, M. and Rodrigues, A.E. (2002). “Modeling and Simulation of a Simulated Moving Bed for the Separation of p-Xylene.” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 41, pp. 3454-3461.
24
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Unsteady-state Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Hydrogen Separation from H2/N2 Mixture
3D modeling of Pd/α-Al2O3 hollow fiber membrane by using computational fluid dynamic for hydrogen separation from H2/N2 mixture was considered in steady and unsteady states by using the concept of characteristic time. Characteristic time concept could help us to design and calculate surface to volume ratio and membrane thickness, and adjust the feed conditions. The contribution of resistance between the membrane and the gas phase could be analyzed by considering characteristic times. The effect of temperature on quasi-steady time was examined at constant feed flow rate and pressure. As a result, when thickness of membrane was less than the critical amount, the surface resistance was important. According to the results, about 50% mass separation was obtained in the initial 8% period of permeation time. By enhancing temperature, membrane permeation and, consequently, hydrogen separation increased. The CFD results showed good agreement with experimental data.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_64475_41c5d9e8983611da710806db4cfedf7f.pdf
2017-12-01
135
146
10.22059/jchpe.2017.233301.1196
Hollow fiber membrane
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Hydrogen separation
Characteristic time
Unsteady state
Abdolmajid
Sharafpoor
a.sharafpoor@alumni.ut.ac.ir
1
School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Zahra
Mansourpour
mansourp@ut.ac.ir
2
School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Azadeh
Ghaee
ghaee@ut.ac.ir
3
Department of life science engineering, Faculty of new sciences and technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Baker, R.W. (2002). “Future directions of membrane gas separation technology.” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 41 (6), pp. 1393-1411.
1
[2] Phair, J.W. and Badwal, S.P.S. (2006). “Materials for separation membranes in hydrogen and oxygen production and future power generation.” Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, Vol. 7 (8), pp. 792-805.
2
[3] Basile, A. (2008). “Hydrogen production using Pd-based membrane reactors for fuel cells.” Topics in Catalysis, Vol. 51 (1-4), p. 107.
3
[4] Chen, W.H. and Hsu, P.C. (2011). “Hydrogen permeation measurements of Pd and Pd–Cu membranes using dynamic pressure difference method.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 36 (15), pp. 9355-9366.
4
[5] Gallucci, F., Chiaravalloti, F., Tosti, S., Drioli, E. and Basile, A. (2007). “The effect of mixture gas on hydrogen permeation through a palladium membrane: experimental study and theoretical approach.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 32 (12), pp. 1837-1845.
5
[6] Gao, H., Lin, Y.S., Li, Y. and Zhang, B. (2004). “Chemical stability and its improvement of palladium-based metallic membranes.” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 43 (22), pp. 6920-6930.
6
[7] Chen, C. H. and Ma, Y.H. (2010). “The effect of H2S on the performance of Pd and Pd/Au composite membrane.” Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 362 (1), pp. 535-544.
7
[8] Tosti, S., Basile, A., Borelli, R., Borgognoni, F., Castelli, S., Fabbricino, M., Gallucci, F. and Licusati, C. (2009). “Ethanol steam reforming kinetics of a Pd–Ag membrane reactor.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 34, No. 11, pp. 4747-4754.
8
[9] Yang, J.Y., Komaki, M. and Nishimura, C. (2007). “Effect of overlayer thickness on hydrogen permeation of Pd60Cu40/V–15Ni composite membranes.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 32 (12), pp. 1820-1824.
9
[10] Chen, W.H., Hsia, M.H., Lin, Y. L., Chi, Y.H. and Yang, C.C. (2013). “Hydrogen permeation and recovery from H2–N2 gas mixtures by Pd membranes with high permeance.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 38 (34), pp. 14730-14742.
10
[11] Pan, X.L., Xiong, G.X., Sheng, S.S., Stroh, N. and Brunner, H. (2001). “Thin dense Pd membranes supported on α-Al2O3 hollow fibers.” Chemical Communications, No. 24, pp. 2536-2537.
11
[12] Weller, S. and Steiner, W.A. (1950). “Separation of gases by fractional permeation through membranes.” Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 21 (4), pp. 279-283.
12
[13] Pan, C.Y. (1983). “Gas separation by permeators with high‐flux asymmetric membranes.” AIChE Journal, Vol. 29 (4), pp. 545-552.
13
[14] Li, K., Acharya, D.R. and Hughes, R. (1990). “Mathematical modelling of multicomponent membrane permeators.” Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 52 (2), pp. 205-219.
14
[15] Kaldis, S.P., Kapantaidakis, G.C. and Sakellaropoulos, G.P. (2000). “Simulation of multicomponent gas separation in a hollow fiber membrane by orthogonal collocation—hydrogen recovery from refinery gases.” Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 173 (1), pp. 61-71.
15
[16] Takaba, H. and Nakao, S.I. (2005). “Computational fluid dynamics study on concentration polarization in H 2/CO separation membranes.” Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 249 (1), pp. 83-88.
16
[17] Chen, W.H. and Hsu, P.C. (2011). “Hydrogen permeation measurements of Pd and Pd–Cu membranes using dynamic pressure difference method.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 36 (15), pp. 9355-9366.
17
[18] Coroneo, M., Montante, G., Baschetti, M. G. and Paglianti, A. (2009). “CFD modelling of inorganic membrane modules for gas mixture separation.” Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 64 (5), pp. 1085-1094.
18
[19] Dehkordi, J.A., Hosseini, S.S., Kundu, P. K. and Tan, N.R. (2016). “Mathematical Modeling of Natural Gas Separation Using Hollow Fiber Membrane Modules by Application of Finite Element Method through Statistical Analysis.” Chemical Product and Process Modeling, Vol. 11, (1), pp. 11-15.
19
[20] Chen, W.H., Syu, W.Z., Hung, C. I., Lin, Y.L. and Yang, C.C. (2013). “Influences of geometry and flow pattern on hydrogen separation in a Pd-based membrane tube.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 38 (2), pp. 1145-1156.
20
[21] Wang, W.P., Thomas, S., Zhang, X.L., Pan, X.L., Yang, W.S. and Xiong, G.X. (2006). “H2/N2 gaseous mixture separation in dense Pd/α-Al2O3 hollow fiber membranes: experimental and simulation studies.” Separation and purification technology, Vol. 52 (1), pp. 177-185.
21
[22] Nair, B.K.R. and Harold, M.P. (2008). “Experiments and modeling of transport in composite Pd and Pd/Ag coated alumina hollow fibers.” Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 311 (1), pp. 53-67.
22
[23] Caravella, A., Scura, F., Barbieri, G. and Drioli, E. (2010). “Inhibition by CO and polarization in Pd-based membranes: a novel permeation reduction coefficient.” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 114, (38), pp. 12264-12276.
23
[24] Gielens, F.C., Knibbeler, R.J.J., Duysinx, P.F.J., Tong, H.D., Vorstman, M. A.G. and Keurentjes, J. T. F. (2006). “Influence of steam and carbon dioxide on the hydrogen flux through thin Pd/Ag and Pd membranes.” Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 279 (1), pp. 176-185.
24
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Microencapsulation of Butyl Stearate as Phase Change Material by Melamine Formaldehyde Shell for Thermal Energy Storage
Butyl stearate as a phase change material was microencapsulated within melamine-formaldehyde resin using emulsion polymerization. Morphology and thermal specification of produced microcapsules were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy, SEM, and Differential scanning calorimetry analysis, DSC. FT-IR spectra validated the existence of the butyl stearate in the core of microcapsules. SEM graphs showed that melamine formaldehyde polymer without core was spherical and almost uniform with an approximate size of 2µm and microcapsules of butyl stearate in melamine formaldehyde shell were also spherical with the average diameter of 4µm. DSC results showed that microencapsulation reduced the latent heat of melting and freezing of butyl stearate and increased melting point. The performance of the produced microcapsules was obtained 36.64%. Moreover, the efficiency of energy storage by the microcapsules was obtained about 40%. It was observed that the rate of thermal energy conservation was high during the phase change process of microcapsule core and it was reduces after completion of the melting process.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_64476_0d3ca55bade84f4960787c6457b3d5ba.pdf
2017-12-01
147
154
10.22059/jchpe.2017.234191.1199
Butyl stearate
Formaldehyde
Melamine
Microencapsulation
Phase change materials
Mohammad Hassan
Vakili
mhvakili@iaush.ac.ir
1
Deptartment of Engineering, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mina
Jahanfar
jahanfarmina@yahoo.com
2
Deptartment of Engineering, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Dincer, I. and Rosen, M. (2002). Thermal energy storage: systems and applications. 2thEd. John Wiley and Sons.
1
[2] Agyenim, F., Hewitt, N., Eames, P. and Smyth, M. (2010). “A review of materials, heat transfer and phase change problem formulation for latent heat thermal energy storage systems (LHTESS).” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 14 (2), pp. 615-628.
2
[3] Nkwetta, D.N. and Haghighat, F. (2014). “Thermal energy storage with phase change material a state of-the art review.” Sustainable Cities and Society, Vol. 10, pp. 87-100.
3
[4] Kenisarin, M.M. (2014). “Thermophysical properties of some organic phase change materials for latent heat storage. A review.” Solar Energy, Vol. 107, pp. 553-575.
4
[5] Liu, M., Saman, W. and Bruno, F. (2012). “Review on storage materials and thermal performance enhancement techniques for high temperature phase change thermal storage systems.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 16 (4), pp. 2118-2132.
5
[6] Rathod, M.K. and Banerjee, J. (2013). “Thermal stability of phase change materials used in latent heat energy storage systems: a review.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 18, pp. 246-258.
6
[7] Kenisarin, M. and Mahkamov, K. (2007). “Solar energy storage using phase change materials.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol.11 (9), pp. 1913-1965.
7
[8]Shalaby, S.M., Bek, M.A. and El-Sebaii, A.A. (2014). “Solar dryers with PCM as energy storage medium: A review.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 33, pp. 110-116.
8
[9] Jamekhorshid, A. and Sadrameli, S.M. (2012). “Application of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) in Maintaining Comfort Temperature inside an Automobile.” World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Vol. 6 (1), pp. 33-35.
9
[10] Mondal, S. (2008). “Phase change materials for smart textiles–An overview.” Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 28 (11), pp. 1536-1550.
10
[11] Hosseini, M.J., Rahimi, M. and Bahrampoury, R. (2014). “Experimental and computational evolution of a shell and tube heat exchanger as a PCM thermal storage system.” International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 50, pp. 128-136.
11
[12] Jamekhorshid, A., Sadrameli, S. M. and Farid, M. (2014). “A review of microencapsulation methods of phase change materials (PCMs) as a thermal energy storage (TES) medium.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 31, pp. 531-542.
12
[13] Alkan, C., Sarı, A., Karaipekli, A. and Uzun, O. (2009). “Preparation, characterization, and thermal properties of microencapsulated phase change material for thermal energy storage.” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 93. pp. 143-147.
13
[14] Zhao, C.Y. and Zhang, G.H. (2011). “Review on microencapsulated phase change materials (MEPCMs): fabrication, characterization and applications.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 15, pp. 3813-3832.
14
[15] Boh, B. and Šumiga, B. (2008). “Microencapsulation technology and its applications in building construction materials Tehnologija mikrokapsuliranja in njena uporaba v gradbenih materialih.” RMZ–Materials and Geoenvironment, Vol. 55, pp. 329-344.
15
[16] Tyagi, V.V., Kaushik, S.C., Tyagi, S.K. and Akiyama, T. (2011). “Development of phase change materials based microencapsulated technology for buildings: a review.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 15, pp. 1373-1391.
16
[17] Arshady, R. (1992). “Suspension, emulsion, and dispersion polymerization: A methodological survey.” Colloid & Polymer Science, Vol. 270, pp. 717-732.
17
[18] Baek, K.H., Lee, J.Y. and Kim, J.H. (2007). “Core/shell structured PCM nanocapsules obtained by resin fortified emulsion process.” Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, Vol. 28, pp. 1059-1065.
18
[19] Alkan, C., Sarı, A. and Karaipekli, A. (2011). “Preparation, thermal properties and thermal reliability of microencapsulated n-eicosane as novel phase change material for thermal energy storage.” Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 52, pp. 687-692.
19
[20] Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Xia, T., Zhao, W. and Yang, W. (2014). “Effects of fabricated technology on particle size distribution and thermal properties of stearic–eicosanoic acid/polymethylmethacrylate nanocapsules.” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 120, pp. 481-490.
20
[21] Alay, S., Göde, F. and Alkan, C. (2011). “Synthesis and thermal properties of poly (n‐butyl acrylate)/n‐hexadecane microcapsules using different cross‐linkers and their application to textile fabrics.” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 120, pp. 2821-2829.
21
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Novel Method with Dilute Surfactant Flooding by Considering the Effect of Time and Temperature on Crude Oil Aging, Experimental Study on Heavy Oil of Bangestan
Wettability alteration has been a sophisticated issue for scientists and reservoir engineers since early 20th century; thus, many investigations have been carried out to determine wettability and enhance it to ideal conditions, which leads to improvement in oil recovery. Dilute surfactant flooding has been approved as one of the noteworthy methods in chemical flooding. Several petroleum reservoirs were recognized as suitable nominees for surfactant/water flooding when screening criteria were established. Surfactant flooding was applied to mobilize the trapped oil in reservoirs. The key mechanism to enhance oil recovery by surfactant flooding was defined as rock wettability alteration. Experimental investigations into the impact of aging and temperature on wettability alteration were performed. Subsequently, core flooding test of surfactant was performed to define the effect of thinned cationic surfactant slug with cyclic 7 days technique (Multi-slug injection) on displacement sweep efficiency in the carbonate core of Bangestan reservoir with its heavy oil reservoir. Moreover, contact angle and interfacial tension (IFT) measurements were made to gain the supplementary information for a surfactant/waterflooding. The best concentration of C19TAB was determined by measuring interfacial tension values of the crude oil in contact with surfactant solutions prepared in synthetic brackish water. Results displayed a decrease in residual oil saturation by changing the contact angle and IFT reduction between oil and water. Moreover, aging was known as a significant constraint to change the wettability index to make similar oil-wet condition. Besides, laboratory experiments verified that the influence of wettability alteration was higher than IFT reduction.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_64477_b05b79f8814be8fbd7d952b240cb7684.pdf
2017-12-01
155
163
10.22059/jchpe.2017.221862.1184
Oil aging IFT
Surfactant flooding
time
temperature
RPM
Mohammadamir
Heidari
ma.heidari@aut.ac.ir
1
Department of Petroleum Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
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