ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Fully Integrated Method for Dynamic Rock Type Characterization Development in One of Iranian Off-Shore Oil Reservoir
Rock selection in modeling and simulation studies is usually based on two techniques; routinely defined rock types and those defined by special core analysis (SCAL). The challenge in utilizing these two techniques is that they are frequently assumed to be the same, but in practice, static rock-types (routinely defined) are not always representative of dynamic rock-types (SCAL defined) in the real reservoir. There is also no significant link between these two techniques. To fill this gap, we integrate the well log data for identification of the optimal number of rock-types, and SCAL data with its high interpretive potential in a given reservoir zonation. In this paper, we propose a method in one of Iranian offshore oil reservoir with a tight carbonate formation for dynamic rock type characterization. In this method, with the integration of well logs and core description data using multivariate statistical methods, different static rock-types can be identified, but these rock types cannot be assigned for fluid flow simulation. So, with our approach based on capillary pressure curves, different flow behavior can be classified. This technique can be done by using integration of similar capillary pressure curves due to the inlet pressure corresponding to the log parameters. Finally, with integration of capillary pressure and well log data, two different dynamic rock-types with distinct flow behavior were identified. This method can be used for the development of rock-type characterization and deriving of saturation height functions for calculation of initial water saturation in any heterogonous reservoir and it is an applicable solution for inputs in Geomodel and also simulation models.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_1510_f735cb3fc6474f3c0fae0c6c77e8e94e.pdf
2011-12-01
83
96
10.22059/jchpe.2011.1510
Dynamic rock-typing
Multivariate statistical
Mercury injection
capillary pressure
EQuivalent Radius method (EQR)
Amir Abbas
Askari
askariaa@ripi.ir
1
Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Turaj
Behrouz
behrouzt@ripi.ir
2
Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Shin-Ju, Ye and Rabiller, P. June (2000). “A new Tool for Electro-facies Analysis: Multi-Resolution Graph-based Clustering.” SPWLA 41nd Annual Logging Symposium, 4-7.
1
[2] Shin-Ju, Ye and Rabiller, P. June (2001). “The Iterative Use of clustering and modeling to improve permeability prediction.” SPWLA 42nd Annual Logging Symposium, 16-20.
2
[3] Hammon, G. Oct. (2003). “Two-Phase Flow Rock-Typing: Another Perspective.” SPE paper 84035 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in Denver, Colorado, U.S.A., 5-8.
3
[4] Granier, B. (2003). “A new approach in rock-typing, documented by a case study of layer cake reservoirs in field “A”, offshore Abu Dhabi (U.A.E).” Notebooks on geology, maintenon, Article 2003/0.
4
[5] Garcia Pereira, H. (1990). “Improving reservoir description by using geostatistical and multivariate data analysis techniques.” Mathematical Geology.
5
[6] Heon Lee, S., Kharghoria, A. and Datta-Gupta, A., June (2002).“Electrofacies Characterization and Permeability Predictions in Complex Reservoirs.” Paper SPE 78662,
6
SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering.
7
[7] Silva, F.P.T., Ghani, A., Al Mansouri, A. and Bahar, A. Oct. (2002). “Rock Type Constrained 3D Reservoir Characterization and Modelling.” SPE 78504, 10th ADIPEC,
8
Abu Dhabi, 13-16.
9
[8] Martin, A. J., Solomon, S. T. and Hartmann, D. J. (1997). “Characterization of Petrophysical Flow Units in Carbonate Reservoirs.” Paper Published in The American Association of Petroleum Geologists.
10
[9] Ahmad, T. (2000). Data Reservoir Engineering, Handbook, ISBN 0-88415-770-9. 10- G. Anderson, W. (1990). “Improving Wettability Literature Survey_Part 5: The Effects of Wettability on Relative Permeability.” Mathematical Geology.
11
[11] Ghedan, Sh. G., Thibot, B. M. and Boyd, D. A. Oct. (2001). “Modeling and validation of Initial Water Saturation in the Transition Zone of Carbonate Oil Reservoirs.” SPE Paper 88756 presented at 11th Abu Dhabi international petroleum Exhibition and conference held in Adu Dhabi, U.A.E., 10-13.
12
[12] Worthington, P. F. and Gaffney Oct. (2000).“Scale Effects on the Application of Saturation-height functions to Reservoir Petrofacies Units.” SPE paper 73173 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Exhibition and conference, Dallas, 1-4.
13
[13] Masalmeh, S.K. Oct. (2002). “The Effect of Wettability on saturation Functions and Impact on carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East.” SPE paper 78515 presented at 10th Abu Dhabi international petroleum Exhibition and conference, 13-16.
14
[14] Archer, J.S. and Wall, C.G. (1986). “Petroleum Engineering: principles and practice.” Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, 92-115.
15
[15] Hammon, G.Oct. (2000). “Field-Wide Variations of Wettability.” SPE paper 63144 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A., 1-4.
16
[16] Aminian, K., Ameri, S., Oyerokun, A. and Thomas, B. May (2003). “Prediction of Flow Units and Permeability Using artificial Neural Networks.” SPE paper 83586 presented at the SPE Western Regional/AAPG Pacific Section Joint Meeting held in Long Beach, California, U.S.A., 19-24.
17
[17] Engtrom, F. and Toft, J.C. (2005). Experience Using EQR Modeling for saturation Predictions in a Middle East Carbonate Reservoir, IPTC 10878.
18
[18] Engtrom, F. (1955). “A new method to normalize capillary pressure curves.” SCA conference paper number 9535, 1955.
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Separation of Manganese and Iron from Reductive Leaching Liquor of Electric Arc Furnace Dust of Ferromanganese Production Units by Solvent Extraction
Electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) of ferromanganese production units, in the form of slurry, contains tar, alkalies, manganese, zinc, iron, silica, calcium, aluminum and other elements. A hydrometallurgical route based on solvent extraction technique was investigated for selective separation of manganese from the dust. Leaching of the EAFD resulted in an aqueous feed containing 4 g/L of manganese and 0.87 g/L iron. At the next stage, extraction of manganese and iron from the leach liquor was performed using D2EHPA, Cyanex 272, Cyanex 302 and their mixtures in various proportions. The synergistic effect of the extractants on the separation of iron and manganese with a mixture of D2EHPA and Cyanex 272 or Cyanex 302 was studied. Increasing the Cyanex 272/ 302 to D2EHPA ratio in the organic phase increased the distance between the extraction isotherms of manganese and Iron. The highest separation factor of iron over manganese was obtained with 15:5% v/v of Cyanex 302: D2EHPA mixture. Effects of various aromatic and aliphatic diluents, such as hexane, kerosene, and carbon tetrachloride on the extraction were also investigated.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_1511_94c5bf1ee4ac7a000207ab1e8506cded.pdf
2011-12-01
97
107
10.22059/jchpe.2011.1511
solvent extraction
EAFD
D2EHPA
Cyanex 272
Cyanex 302
Synergistic effect
Behzad
Ghafarizadeh
1
School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Fereshteh
Rashchi
rashchi@ut.ac.ir
2
School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Ghafarizadeh, B., Rashchi, F. and Vahidi, E. (2010). Recovery of manganese from electric arc furnace dust of ferromanganese production units by reductive leaching. Mineral Engineering, 24- 174-176.
1
[2] Zhang. W. and Cheng, C. Y. (2007). Manganese metallurgy review. Part II: Manganese separation and recovery from solution. Hydrometallurgy. 89: 160-177.
2
[3] Cheng, C.Y. (2000). Purification of synthetic laterite leach solution by, solvent extraction using D2EHPA. Hydrometallurgy, 56: 369-386.
3
[4] Nathsarma, K.C. and Devi, N.B. (2006). Separation of Zn(II) and Mn(II) from sulphate solutions using sodium salts of D2EHPA, PC88A and Cyanex 272. Hydrometallurgy, 84: 149-154.
4
[5] Devi, N.B., Nathsarma, K.C. and Chakravortty, V. (2000). Separation of divalent manganese and cobalt ions from sulphate solutions using sodium salts of D2EHPA, PC 88A and Cyanex 272. Hydrometallurgy, 54: 117-131.
5
[6] Darvishi, D., Teimouri, M., Keshavarz, E, Haghshenas, Sadrnezhasd, D.F., Sadrnezaad S.K. and Nazri, K. (2005). Extraction of manganese from solutions containing zinc and cobalt by D2EHPA and D2EHPA-Cyanes 272 or Cyanex 302 mixtures. ISEC Conference: Beijing.
6
[7] El-Nadi, Y.A. and El-Hefny, N.E. (2010). Removal of iron from Cr-electroplating solution by extraction with di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid in kerosene. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 49: 159-164.
7
[8] Ismael, M.R.C. and Carvalho, J.M.R. (2003). Iron recovery from sulphate leach liquors in zinc hydrometallurgy. Minerals Engineering, 16: 31-39.
8
[9] Jayachandran, J. and Dhadke, P.M. (1997). Liquid-liquid extraction separation of iron (III) with 2-ethyl hexyl phosphonic acid mono 2-ethyl hexyl ester. Talanta, 44: 1285-1290.
9
[10] Salgado, A.L., Veloso, A.M.O., Pereira, D.D., Gontijo, G.S., Salum, A. and Mansur, M.B. (2003). Recovery of zinc and manganese from spent alkaline batteries by liquid-liquid extraction with Cyanex 272. Journal of Power Sources, 115: 367-373.
10
[11-] Mantuano, D.P., Dorella, G., Elias, R.C. A. and Mansur, M.B. (2006). Analysis of a hydrometallurgical route to recover base metals from spent rechargeable batteries by liquid-liquid extraction with Cyanex 272. Journal of Power Sources, 159: 1510-1518.
11
[12] Devi, N.B., Nathsarma, K.C., and Chakravortty, V. (1997). Extraction and separation of Mn(II) and Zn(II) from sulphate solutions by sodium salt of Cyanex 272. Hydrometallurgy, 45: 169-179.
12
[13] Cole, P.M (2002). The introduction of solvent-extraction steps during upgrading of a cobalt refinery. Hydrometallurgy, 64: 69-77.
13
[14] Nihar Bala Devi and Sujata Mishra (2010). Solvent extraction equilibrium study of manganese(II) with Cyanex 302 in Kerosene. Hydrometallurgy, 103: 118-123.
14
[15] Ajgaonkar, H.S. and Dhadke, P.M. (1997). Solvent extraction separation of iron(III) and aluminum (III) from other elements with Cyanex 302. Talanta, 44: 563-570.
15
[16] Bartkowska, M., Regel-Rosocka, M. and Szumanowski, J. (2002). Extraction of Zinc(II), Iron(III) and Iron(II) with binary mixtures containing Tributyl Phosphate and Di(2- ethylhexyl) Phosphoric acid or Cyanex 302. Problems of Mineral Processing, 36: 217-224.
16
[17] Hosseini, T., Rashchi, F. Vahidi, E. and Mostoufi, N. (2010). Investigating the synergistic effect of D2EHPA and Cyanex 302 on zinc and manganese separation. Separation Science and Technology,45: 1158-1164.
17
[18] Darvishi, D., Haghshenas, D.F., Keshavarz, E., Sadrnezhaada, S.K. and Halali, M. (2005) Synergistic effect of Cyanex 272 and Cyanex 302 on separation of cobalt and nickel by D2EHPA:, Hydrometallurgy, 77: 227-238.
18
[19] Vogel, A.I. (1989). Vogel’s text book of quantitative inorganic analysis, 5th ed.; Longman scientific & technical: New York, USA.
19
[20] Rydberg, j., Cox, M., Musikas, C. and Choppin, G.R. (2004). Solvent Extraction Principles and Practice, 2ndEd; Taylor & Francis Group: New York, USA.
20
[21] Haghshenas, D., Darvishi, D., Etemadi, S., Eivazi, A.R., Keshavarz, E. and Salardini, A.A. (2009). Interaction between TBP and D2EHPA during Zn, Cd, Mn, Cu, Co and Ni solvent extraction: A thermodynamic and empirical approach. Hydrometallurgy, 98: 143- 147.
21
[22] Vahidi, E., Rashchi, F. and Moradkhani, D. (2008). Recovery of zinc from an industrial zinc leach residue by solvent extraction using D2EHPA. Minerals Engineering, 22: 204-206.
22
[23] Mohapatra, D., Hong-In, K., Nam, C.W. and Park, K.H. (2007). Liquid-liquid extraction of aluminum (III) from mixed sulphate solutions using sodium salts of Cyanex 272 and D2EHPA. Separation and Purification Technology, 56: 311-318.
23
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Dynamic Simulation of Distillation Sequences in Dew Pointing Unit of South Pars Gas Refinery
The understanding of the dynamic behavior of distillation columns has received considerable attention because distillation is one of the most widely used unit operations in chemical process industries. This paper reports a dynamic simulation study of the possible distillation columns sequences of Dew pointing unit in the second phase of South Pars Gas Refinery. In this unit, three columns are used for separating the feed of normal paraffin, from methane to n-Decane into the four mixtures of products; so five different simple columns sequences are possible. In this work, we made use of linking between Aspen dynamic and MATLAB Simulink software’s for achieving our purpose. At first, simulation and design of the distillation sequences were performed in steady state by using the process simulators Aspen Plus 2006. After steady state simulation, the parameters required for the dynamic simulation were entered and the files were exported to ASPEN Dynamics. PI and PID controller as basic controllers were automatically added and were tuned by the conservative Tyreus–Luyben tuning method. Then the model which connects MATLAB to Aspen Dynamic was created in Simulink and the behavior of the five different sequences in dynamic regime was observed after changing the flow rate of the feed steam by. The results show that the steady state simulation is suitable for the start point, but it is better to use dynamic simulation to design and simulate the chemical process industries because in dynamic simulator there are nonlinear models for calculating the equations of state and simulating the chemical process. In addition, in dynamic simulation we are faced with real condition of process so the obtained results will be close to the real ones. After dynamic investigation, it were found that the sequences-2, sequences-4 and sequences-5 have suitable dynamic behavior for controlling because of auto-rejection of the disturbances, but the sequences-1 and sequences-3 have complex dynamic response and they are found to be hard to control.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_1512_98f96216c140ac4583906564f963fa93.pdf
2011-12-01
109
116
10.22059/jchpe.2011.1512
Dynamic Behavior
Aspen Dynamic
simulation
MATLAB
control
Distillation
Columns sequences
Chemical process
Mobina
Khodadoost
m.khodadoost@mail.usb.ac.ir
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Jafar
Sadeghi
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Grossmann, I.E. (2004). “Challenges in the new millennium: product discovery and design, enterprise and supply chain optimization, global life cycle assessment.” Computers & Chem. Eng, Vol. 29, PP. 29-39.
1
[2] Bequette, B. W. (1998). “Process Dynamics Modeling, Analysis and Simulation.” Prentice Hall PTR, New Jersey.
2
[3] Aspen Tech Company (atesupport@Aspentech.com (Engineering Suite).
3
[4] Yeomans, H. and Grossmann, I. E. (2000). “Disjunctive programming models for the optimal design of distillation columns and separation sequences.” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res, Vol. 39, PP. 1637-1648.
4
[5] Westerberg, A. W. (1981). “The synthesis of distillation based separation systems.” Comp. Chem. Eng., Vol. 9, PP .421-429.
5
[6] King, C. J. (1980). “Separation Processes,” McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York, Second Edition.
6
[7] Leboreiro, J. and Joaquin, A. (2004). “Processes synthesis and design of distillation sequences using modular simulators: A genetic algorithm framework.” Com. Chem. Eng. Vol. 28, PP. 1223–1236.
7
[8] Lucia, A. and McCallum, B. R. (2009). “Energy targeting and minimum energy distillation column sequences.” Com. Chem. Eng. Vol. 34, PP. 1–12.
8
[9] Errico, M., Tola, G., Rong, B. G., Demurtas, D. and Turunen, I. (2009). “Energy saving and capital cost evaluation in distillation column sequences with a divided wall column.” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. Vol .87, PP. 1649–1657.
9
[10] Luyben, W. L. (2006). “Distillation Design and Control Using Aspen Simulation.” second ed, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, Hoboken, New Jersey.
10
[11] South Pars Field Development (Phase Two & Three), “Operating Manual, Unit 105, Dew Pointing and Mercaptans Removal.”
11
[12] Shinskey, F. G. (1984). “Distillation Control”, second ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.
12
[13] Luyben, W.L. (1999). “Process Modeling, Simulation, and Control for Chemical Engineers,” McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York, Second Edition.
13
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Determination of Cluster Hydrodynamics in Bubbling Fluidized Beds by the EMMS Approach
The local solid flow structure of gas-solid bubbling fluidized bed was investigated to identify and characterize the particle clusters. Extensive mathematical calculations were carried out using the energy-minimization multi-scale (EMMS) approach for evaluating cluster properties including the velocity, the size and the void fraction of clusters in the dense phase of the bed. The results showed that by increasing the gas velocity, the void fraction of clusters increases and also the larger portion of solids move in the bed in the form of cluster. Modeled results were in good agreement with the experimental data reported in literature in terms of the velocity, the size the void fraction of clusters. The results of this study help to comprehend the hydrodynamics of clusters in gas-solid bubbling fluidized beds.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_1513_6c6036474b5dc23624dbcc93a6ac6179.pdf
2011-12-01
117
129
10.22059/jchpe.2011.1513
EMMS
Bubbling fluidized bed
Cluster velocity
Cluster diameter
Farzaneh
Moradgholi
1
Oil and Gas Processing Centre of Excellence, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Navid
Mostoufi
mostoufi@ut.ac.ir
2
Oil and Gas Processing Centre of Excellence, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Rahmat
Sotudeh-Gharebagh
3
Oil and Gas Processing Centre of Excellence, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Soong, C. H., Tuzla, K. and Chen, J. C. (1994). Identification of Particle Clusters in Circulating Fluidized Beds, in Circulating Fluidized Beds Technology, A. A. Avidan, Ed., AIChE, New York, 615–620.
1
[2] Li, H., Xia, Y., Tung, Y. and Kwauk, M. (1991). Micro-visualization of cluster in a fast fluidized Bed, Powder Technol., 66 ,231–235.
2
[3] Horio, M. and Kuroki, H. (1994). "Three-dimensional flow visualization of dilute dispersed solids in bubbling and circulating fluidized beds." Chem. Eng. Sci., 49, 2413–
3
[4] Lin, Q., Wei, F. and Jin, Y. (2001). "Transient Density Signal Analysis and Two-Phase Micro Structure Flow in Gas–Solids Fluidization." Chem. Eng. Sci., 56, 2179–2189.
4
[5] Zhou, B., Li, H., Xia, Y. and Ma, X. (1994). Cluster Structure in a Circulating Fluidized Bed, Powder Technol., 78, 173–178.
5
[6] Sharma, A. K., Tuzla, K., Matsen, J. and Chen, J. C. (2000). Parametric Effects of Particles Size and Gas Velocity on Cluster Characteristics in Fast Fluidized Beds, Powder Technol., 111, 114–122.
6
[7] Manyele, S. V., Parssinen, J. H. and Zhu, J. X. (2002). "Characterizing Particle Aggregates in a High-Density and High-Flux CFB Riser." Chem. Eng. J., 88, 151–161.
7
[8] Cui, H., Mostoufi, N. and Chaouki, J. (2000). "Characterization of Dynamic Gas-Solid Distribution in Fluidized Beds." Chem. Eng. J., 79, 135–143.
8
[9] Mostoufi, N. and Chaouki, J. (1999). "Prediction of Effective Drag Coefficient in Fluidized Beds." Chem. Eng. Sci., 54, 851–858.
9
[10] Afsahi, F. A., Sotudeh-Gharebagh, R. and Mostoufi, N. (2009). "Clusters identification and characterization in gas-solid Fluidized bed by the wavelet analysis." Can. J. Chem. Eng., 87, 375-385.
10
[11] Cocco, R., Shaffer, F., Hays, R., Karri, R. and Knowlton, T. (2010). Particle clusters in and above fluidized beds. Powder Technol., 203, 3-11.
11
[12] Li, J. and Kwauk, M. (1994). Particle–Fluid Two-Phase Flow: The Energy- Minimization Multi-Scale Method. Metallurgical Industry Press, Beijing, PR China.
12
[13] Li, J. H., Kwauk, M. and Reh, L. (1992). Role of energy minimization in Gas-solid fluidization. In O. E. Potter and D. J. Nicklin, Fluidization. New York: Engineering Foundation. 83-90.
13
[14] Zhang, J. Y., Ge, W. J. and Li, H. (2005). "Simulation of heterogeneous structures and analysis of energy consumption in particle–fluid system with pseudo particle modeling." Chem. Eng. Sci., 60, 3091–3099.
14
[15] Grandell, J. (1976). Doubly Stochastic Poisson Processes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
15
[16] Kostinski, A. B. and Jameson, A. R. (1997). "Fluctuation properties of precipitation. Part1: on the deviations of single-size drop counts from the Poisson distribution." J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2174–2186.
16
[17] Lackermeier, U., Rudnick, C., Werther, J., Bredebusch, A. and Burkhardt, H. (2001). Visualization of flow structures inside a circulating fluidized bed by means of laser sheet an image processing. Powder Technol., 114, 71–83.
17
[18] Li, J., Cheng, C., Zhang, Z., Yuan, J., Nemet, A. and Fett, F. N. (1999). "The EMMS model and its application, development and updated concepts." Chem. Eng. Sci., 54, 5409–5425.
18
[19] Cheng, C., Ge, W. and Li, J. (2005). Multi-scale modeling of the axial heterogeneous structure with the EMMS approach. Internal Reports of Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
19
[20] Wang, W. and Li, J. (2007). "Simulation of gas-solid two-phase flow by a multiscale CFD approach: extension of the EMMS model to the sub-grid scale level." Chem. Eng. Sci., 62, 208–231.
20
[21] Yang, N., Wang, W., Ge, W., Wang, L. and Li, J. (2004). "Simulation of heterogeneous structure in a circulating fluidized bed riser by combining the two-fluid model with the EMMS approach." Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 43, 5548–5561.
21
[22] Turton, R. and Levenspiel, O. (1986). A Short Note on the Drag Correlation for Spheres. Powder Technol., 47, 83–86.
22
[23] Davidson, J. F. and Harrison, D. (1963). Fluidized Particles, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
23
[24] Cai, P., Schiavetti, M., De Michele, G., Grazzini, G. C. and Miccio, M. (1994). Quantitative Estimation of Bubble Size in PFBC. Powder Technol., 80, 99–109.
24
[25] Ergun, S. (1952). "Fluid flow through packed columns." Chem. Eng. Proc., 48, 1159-1184.
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[26] Wen, C. Y. and Yu, H. (1966). Mechanics of fluidization. Chem Engng Prog. Symp. Ser., 62, 100-111.
26
[27] Gidaspow, D. (1994). Multiphase Flow and Fluidization: Continuum and Kinetic Theory Description. Academic Press, New York.
27
[28] Xu, G. and Kato, K. (1999). "Hydrodynamic equivalent diameter for clusters in heterogeneous gas-solid flow." Chem. Eng. Sci., 54, 1837–1847.
28
[29] Bi, H. T. (2002). "Some issues on core-annulus and cluster models of circulating fluidized bed reactors." Can. J. Chem. Eng., 80, 809–817.
29
[30] Harris, A. T., Davidson, J. F. and Thorpe, R. B. (2002). The prediction of particle cluster properties in the near wall region of a vertical riser. Powder Technol., 127, 128–143.
30
[31] Mostoufi, N. and Chaouki, J. (2004). "Flow structure of the solids in gas-solid Fluidized beds." Chem. Eng. Sci., 54, 4217- 4227.
31
[32] Mostoufi, N. and Chaouki, J. (2000). "On the axial movement of solids in gas-solid fluidized beds." Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng., 78, 911–920.
32
[33] Zuber, N. (1964). "On the dispersed two-phase flow in the laminar flow regime." Chem. Eng. Sci., 19, 897–917.
33
[34] Gu, W. K. and Chen, J. C. (1998). A model for solid concentration in circulating fluidized beds. In: Fan, L.S., Knowlton, T.M. (Eds.), Fluidization IX. Engineering Foundation, Durago, Colorado. 501–508.
34
[35] Zou, B., Li, H., Xia, Y. and Ma, X. (1994). Cluster structure in a circulating fluidized bed. Powder Technol., 78, 173–178.
35
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Measurement and Modeling of Acridine Solubility in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Supercritical carbon dioxide has gained increasing attention in food and pharmaceutical processing owing to the fact that it is environmentally inexpensive, not flammable, essentially non-toxic, and it has a convenient critical point. Also, it has been attracting much attention in many fields, such as extraction of sensitive materials and pharmaceutical processing and polymerization processes. For designing these processes, solubility data of solute in SCCO2 are needed as the fundamental knowledge. And the correlation and extension of existing equilibrium data is an important step in the application and development of such processes. Acridine is a raw material used for the production of dyes and some valuable drugs and its derivatives have antiseptic properties like Proflavine. In this research, the solubility of Acridine in supercritical carbon dioxide was measured at temperatures of 313, 323 and 333 K and in the pressure range of 120 to 350 bar using static method. The crossover pressure of Acridine was observed at about 150 bar. The experimental data were correlated using Peng- Robinson (PR) and Soave- Redlich- Kwong (SRK) equations of state (EOS) and van der Waals mixing rule with one (vdW 1) and two adjustable parameters (vdW 2) and Huron-Vidal mixing rules. For applying the Huron-Vidal mixing rule, NRTL activity coefficient model was used. The binary interaction parameters of the studied models were reported. The results of average absolute relative deviations (AARD) illustrated good accuracy of the studied models. Furtheremore, the modeling has been done with and without considering the sublimation pressure of the solid (Acridine) as an additional adjustable parameter. It can be concluded when sublimation pressure is considered as adjustable parameter, the AARD results of the studied models significantly decrease. Also, the estimated values of sublimation pressure of Acridine were reported at different temperatures. The results also showed that, among the studied models, PR- HV model with adjusted Psub has the minimum AARD (2.47 %).
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_1514_fe3804798514914aa08d3bd1fea327e8.pdf
2011-12-01
131
140
10.22059/jchpe.2011.1514
Acridine, Equation of state
Mixing rule
solubility
Supercritical CO2
Hasan
Pahlavanzadeh
pahlavzh@modares.ac.ir
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hamid
Bakhshi
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Coimbra, P., Duarte, C.M.M. and de Sousa, H.C. (2006). “Cubic equation-of-state correlation of the solubility of some anti-inflammatory drugs in supercritical carbon dioxide.” Fluid Phase Equilibria, Vol. 239, PP. 188–199.
1
[2] Garlapati, C. and Madras, G. (2010). “Solubilities of palmitic and stearic fatty acids in supercritical carbon dioxide.” Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, Vol. 42, PP. 193–197.
2
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[4] Huang, C. C., Tang, M., Tao, W.H. and Chen, Y.P. (2001). “Calculation of the solid solubilities in supercritical carbon dioxide using a modified mixing model.” Fluid Phase Equilibria, Vol. 179, PP. 67–84.
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[5] Banchero, M., Ferri, A., Manna, L. and Sicardi, S. (2006). “Solubility of disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide and ethanol.” Fluid Phase Equilibria, Vol. 243, PP. 107–114.
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[6] Bahramifar, N., Yamini, Y. and Shamsipur, M. J. (2005). “Investigation on the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of some polar drugs from spiked matrices and tablets.” Journal of Supercritical Fluids, Vol. 35, PP. 205–211.
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[7] Hojjati, M., Yamini, Y., Khajeh, M. and Vatanara, A. (2007). “Solubility of some statin drugs in supercritical carbon dioxide and representing the solute solubility data with several density-based correlations.” Journal of Supercritical Fluids, Vol. 41, No. 2, PP. 187–194.
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[18] Skerger, M., Novk-Pintaric, Z., Kenz, Z. and Kravanja, Z. (2002). “Estimation of solid solubilities in supercritical carbon dioxide: Peng–Robinson adjustable binary parameters in the near critical region.” Fluid Phase Equilibria, Vol. 203, PP. 111–132.
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[19] Gordillo, M.D., Blanco, M.A., Pereyra, C. and Mart´? nez de la Ossa, E.J. (2005). “Thermodynamic modeling of supercritical fluid-solid phase equilibrium data.” Computers & Chemical Engineering, Vol. 29, PP. 1885–1890.
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[22] Reid, R.C. Prausnitz, J.M. and Poling, B.E. (1987). The Properties of Gases and Liquids. 4th. Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Calcium Lignosulfonate on Adsorption Phenomenon in Surfactant Alternative Gas Injection
Fractional flow analysis confirms the advantages of surfactant alternative gas injection (SAG) in enhanced oil recovery, but an adsorption phenomenon that has been affected by several factors, weakens the effectiveness of SAG injection. In this study, the effects of sacrificial agent, gas phase, and surfactant concentration on adsorption density on silica mineral were investigated by static and dynamic adsorption experiments. A series of SAG tests were performed to examine the effect of injection rates and presence of Calcium Lignosulfonate (CLS) on oil recovery. Also, variation of effluent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentration during SAG test was examined. Spectrophotometric method based on the formation of an ion-pair was used in all experiments for determination of SDS concentration. The results of adsorption experiments show that SDS adsorption density on silica was reduced when nitrogen was imposed instead of using methane. It can be reduced with addition of CLS as sacrificial agents and amount of adsorption reduction increases as concentration increases. Flooding experiment results show that SAG injection increase ultimate recovery up to 10% in comparison with water alternative gas (WAG) injection. Increasing viscosity of gas phase and its trapping in porous media results a decrease in the mobility of gas and an increase in oil recovery. Stability of formed foam in porous media is rate-depended and higher SDS adsorption was observed at first cycle of SAG injection due to high solid/liquid interaction. Using CLS slightly increases the ultimate oil recovery, while it decreases the adsorption density of SDS about 22 percent during the SAG test.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_1515_349fa46feada5683349a124ce5d1b86b.pdf
2011-12-01
141
151
10.22059/jchpe.2011.1515
Surfactant alternative gas (SAG)
Oil Recovery
Adsorption
Ion pair
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
Calcium Lignosulfonate (CLS)
Mobility control
Mohammad Amin
Safarzadeh
1
Chemical Engineering Department, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyyed Alireza
Tabatabaei Nejad
tabatabaei@sut.ac.ir
2
Chemical Engineering Department, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Eghbal
Sahraei
3
Chemical Engineering Department, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Renkema, W.J. and Rossen, W.R. (2007). “Success of sag foam processes in heterogeneous reservoirs.” Society of Petroleum Engineering, Spe 110408.
1
[2] Grigg, R. B., Bai, B. and Iu, Y. (2004). “Competitive adsorption Of a hybrid surfactant system onto five minerals, berea sandstone, and limestone.” Society of Petroleum Engineering, Spe 90612.
2
[3] Syahputra, A. E., Tsau, J. S. and Grigg, R.B. (2000). “Laboratory evaluation of using Lignosulfonate and surfactant mixture in Co2 flooding.” Society of Petroleum Engineering, Spe 59368.
3
[4] Le, V. Q. and Nguyen, Q. P. (2008). “A novel foam concept with Co2 dissolved surfactants.” Society of Petroleum Engineering, Spe 113370.
4
[5] Gogoi, S. B. (2009). “Adsorption of non-petroleum base surfactant on reservoir rock.” Current Science, Vol. 97, No. 7.
5
[6] Tsau, J. S. and Eka Syahputra, A. (2000). “Economic evaluation of surfactant adsorption in Co2 foam application.” Society of Petroleum Engineering, Spe 59365.
6
[7] Liu, Y., Reid, B., Grigg, R. B. and Bai, B. (2005). “Salinity, Ph, and surfactant concentration effects on Co2-foam.” Society of Petroleum Engineering, Spe 93095.
7
[8] Shi, J.X. and Rossen, W. R. (1998). “Improved Surfactant-Alternating-Gas Foam Process to Control Gravity Override.” Spe 39653.
8
[9] Kloet, M. B., Renkema, W. J. and Rossen, W. R. (2009). “Optimal design criteria for sag foam processes in heterogeneous reservoirs.” Spe 121581.
9
[10] Turta, A. T. and Singhal, A. K. (1998). “Field foam applications in enhanced oil recovery projects: Screening and design Aspects.” Society of Petroleum Engineering, Spe 48895.
10
[11] Xu, Q. and Rossen, W.R. (2004). “Experimental study of gas injection in a surfactant-alternating- gas foam process.” Society of Petroleum Engineers.
11
[12] Blaker, H., Celius, K. and Lie, T. (1999). “Foam for gas mobility control in the Snorre field: the FAWAG project.” Society of Petroleum Engineering, Spe 56478.
12
[13] Song, F. Y. and Islam, M. R. (1994). “A new mathematical model and experimental validation of multicomponent adsorption.” Society of Petroleum Engineering, SPE / DOE 27838.
13
[14] Hirasaki, G. J. and Miller, C. A. (2005). “Surfactant based enhanced oil recovery and foam mobility control.”3nd Semi-Annual Technical Report.
14
[15] Somasundaran, P. and Zhang, L. (2006). “Adsorption of surfactants on minerals for Wettability control in improved oil recovery processes.” Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering.
15
[16] Liu, Sh. (2007). “Alkaline Surfactant Polymer Enhanced Oil Recovery Process.” A Thesis Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For The Degree Doctor Of Philosophy, December.
16
[17] Ashuri, S. (2008). Scientific and international developments of upstream petroleum industry, Research & Technology Directorate Of Iranian National Oil Company.
17
[18] Moradi-Araghi, A. and Johnston, E. L. (1997). “Laboratory evaluation of surfactants for Co2-foam applications at the South Cowden Uni.” Society of Petroleum Engineering, Spe 37218.
18
[19] Daneshfar, A. , Arvin Pili, F. and Kaviyan, H. ( 2009). “Spectrophotometric determination of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate in wastewater based on ion-pair extraction with
19
safranine-O.” Semnan Journal Of Applied Chemistry.
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Experimental Investigation of Natural Gas Components During Gas Hydrate Formation in Presence or Absence of the L-Tyrosine as a Kinetic Inhibitor in a Flow Mini-loop Apparatus
Hydrates are crystalline compounds similar to ice, with guest molecules like methane and ethane trapped inside cavities or cages formed by the hydrogen bounded framework of water molecules. These solid compounds give rise to problems in the natural gas oil industry because they can plug pipelines and process equipments. Low dosage hydrate inhibitors are a recently developed hydrate control technology, which can be more cost-effective than traditional practices such as methanol and glycols. The main objective of the present work is to experimentally investigate simple gas hydrate formation with or without the presence of kinetic inhibitors in a flow mini-loop apparatus. For this purpose, a laboratory flow mini-loop apparatus was set up to measure the induction time and gas consumption rate during gas hydrate formation when a hydrate forming substance such as methane, ethane, propane, carbon dioxide and iso- butane is contacted with water in the absence or presence of dissolved inhibitor at various concentration under suitable temperature and pressure conditions. In each experiment, a water blend saturated with pure gas is circulated up to a required pressure. Pressure is maintained at a constant value during experimental runs by means of the required gas make-up. The effect of pressure on gas consumption during hydrate formation is investigated with or without the presence of PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) and L-tyrosine as kinetic inhibitors at various concentrations. The experimental results show that increasing the pressure of the system, causes to increase the experimental gas consumption and decrease the induction time. Also, the extent of gas hydrate formation at a given time is clearly less in the presence of the inhibitors. Moreover, when comparing the gas consumption during the hydrate formation for simple gas hydrate formation in presence of PVP and L-tyrosine inhibitors, it is seen that the gas consumption in presence of L-tyrosine is lower than that of PVP for all experiments.
https://jchpe.ut.ac.ir/article_1516_19b36d51a7928c97c2cb9999600719cf.pdf
2011-12-01
153
166
10.22059/jchpe.2011.1516
Simple gas hydrate formation
Kinetic inhibitor
Inhibition
L-tyrosine
PVP
Gas hydrate formation rate
Mohammad Reza
Talaghat
talaghat@yahoo.com
1
Chemical Engineering, Petroleum and Gas Department, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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[24] Talaghat, M.R., Esmaeilzadeh, F. and Fathikalajahi, J. (2009). "Experimental and theoretical investigation of simple gas hydrate formation with or without presence of kinetic inhibitors in a flow mini-loop apparatus." Fluid Phase Equilibria, 279, 28-40.
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